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Encyclopedia of the Narcissistic Abuser

From the Dyad to the Dark Decade — the reference work in six volumes

By Gildas Garrec · 1258 pages · 2026

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About this book

A six-volume encyclopedia on narcissistic abuse: the concept’s history, coercive control, social contexts and therapeutic approaches, with a reference dictionary.

There is no shortage of books on narcissistic abuse. What did not exist was a single work bringing together what psychoanalysis, empirical psychology, sociology and clinical practice actually say about it — including where they disagree and where the evidence runs thin. This six-volume encyclopedia does exactly that: the genealogy of the concept from the myth of Narcissus to the DSM-5, the personality structure and mechanisms of the manipulator, the victim's vulnerabilities and the phases of coercive control, the sociology of abuse across family, workplace, politics and cults, the therapeutic approaches with their actual level of validation, and a 174-entry dictionary. 1 258 pages, every figure sourced and every source verified.

pervers narcissiqueencyclopedie psychologienarcissisme pathologiqueemprise psychologiquetriade noirepsychologie cliniqueouvrage de reference

Table of contents

  1. 1Introduction: why begin with a myth?
  2. 21.1 Ovid: the canonical narrative of the *Metamorphoses*
  3. 31.2 Pausanias: the rationalized version
  4. 41.3 Symbolic analysis: the spring, the reflection, the impossible relation
  5. 51.4 Iconographic receptions: from Caravaggio to Dalí
  6. 6Chapter conclusion
  7. 7Introduction: the concept before the word
  8. 82.1 Plotinus: the soul held captive by the sensible
  9. 92.2 Rousseau: self-love and amour-propre
  10. 102.3 Hegel: the master–slave dialectic
  11. 112.4 Nietzsche: will to power and grandiosity
  12. 122.5 Honneth: recognition and identity injury
  13. 13Chapter conclusion
  14. 14Introduction: how a myth becomes a diagnosis
  15. 153.1 The Birth of Modern Psychiatry: Pinel and Esquirol
  16. 163.2 Morel and Degeneration: The Invention of the “Perversions”
  17. 173.3 The Clinical Baptisms: Ellis (1898) and Näcke (1899)
  18. 183.4 The Viennese Context: Charcot, Breuer, Freud
  19. 19Chapter Conclusion
  20. 20Freud · Klein · Winnicott · Kernberg
  21. 214.1 Introduction: why begin with Freud?
  22. 224.2 The 1914 context: a theoretical turning point under strain
  23. 234.3 *On Narcissism: An Introduction* (1914): architecture of the text
  24. 244.4 *The Uncanny* (1919): the narcissistic double
  25. 254.5 *Civilization and Its Discontents* (1930): the oceanic feeling
  26. 264.6 Limits of the Freudian model
  27. 274.7 Conclusion: what Freud bequeaths to the question of the narcissistic abuser
  28. 285.1 Introduction: the relational turn
  29. 295.2 The paranoid-schizoid position (roughly 0-4 months)
  30. 305.3 The depressive position (from 4-6 months onward)
  31. 315.4 Primary envy: *Envy and Gratitude* (1957)
  32. 325.5 Projective identification: the elementary mechanics of coercive control
  33. 335.6 Limits of the Kleinian model
  34. 345.7 Conclusion
  35. 356.1 Introduction: the environment enters the scene
  36. 366.2 The good enough mother: holding, handling, object presenting
  37. 376.3 The true self: spontaneity, creative gesture, sense of existing
  38. 386.4 The false self: the shell that protects by alienating
  39. 396.5 The grandiose as false self: link with the narcissistic personality
  40. 406.6 The transitional space: *Playing and Reality* (1971)
  41. 416.7 The capacity to be alone in the presence of the other
  42. 426.8 Therapeutic contributions: regression and environment
  43. 436.9 Conclusion
  44. 447.1 Introduction: The Great Structural Synthesis
  45. 457.2 The Three Personality Organizations
  46. 467.3 The Narcissistic Personality: The Pathological Grandiose Self
  47. 477.4 Malignant Narcissism: The Most Severe Form Short of Psychopathy
  48. 487.5 The Therapeutic Relationship: Confrontation, Transference, Countertransference
  49. 497.6 Major Contribution and Limitations
  50. 507.7 Chapter Conclusion and Transition
  51. 51Introduction: A Silent Revolution in American Psychoanalysis
  52. 52The break with the Freudian drive model: the Self as central structure
  53. 53Selfobject needs: mirroring, idealization, twinship
  54. 54The narcissistic injury: the failure of parental mirroring
  55. 55The grandiose-exhibitionistic self and the idealized parental imago
  56. 56Transformation: from archaic needs to maturity
  57. 57Empathy as the fundamental tool: vicarious introspection
  58. 58The Kohut–Kernberg controversy: empathy or confrontation
  59. 59Limits of the Kohutian model: the risk of validating grandiosity
  60. 60Chapter 8 bibliography
  61. 61Introduction: the theorist of emptiness
  62. 62The dead mother complex: impossible mourning
  63. 63Affective disinvestment and the hole in the psyche
  64. 64The psychic crypt and the necrosis of the ego
  65. 65The work of the negative: desymbolization and annihilation
  66. 66The phallic-narcissistic position: omnipotence against annihilation
  67. 67Death narcissism and the narcissistic personality: inner emptiness
  68. 68Analyzability and the clinical practice of borderline cases
  69. 69Bibliography for chapter 9
  70. 70Introduction: narcissism as structure, not as trait
  71. 71The mirror stage (1936/1949): the ego as identification with an image
  72. 72The imaginary register: rivalry, aggressiveness, capture
  73. 73The symbolic register: law, language, lack
  74. 74Desire as desire of the Other
  75. 75Foreclosure and psychosis: when the symbolic fails
  76. 76Jouissance: beyond the pleasure principle
  77. 77The subject caught in the imaginary of the Other: links with the clinical study of narcissism
  78. 78Critical contribution: Lacan against the psychologies of the Self
  79. 79Chapter 10 bibliography
  80. 80Introduction: the psychoanalyst who named the unnameable
  81. 8111.1 Racamier's biography and clinical context
  82. 8211.2 The creation of the term: the intellectual genesis of 1986
  83. 8311.3 Decorporation: the central mechanism
  84. 8411.4 The incestual and psychic incest
  85. 8511.5 The perverse relationship: a two-person dynamic
  86. 8611.6 Racamier and psychosis — a continuum?
  87. 8711.7 Clinical scope and limits of the Racamierian concept
  88. 88Chapter conclusion
  89. 89Introduction: when clinical work meets the general public
  90. 9012.1 Marie-France Hirigoyen: career and positioning
  91. 9112.2 *Le Harcèlement moral* (1998): content and contributions
  92. 9212.3 Perverse communication: a pragmatic analysis
  93. 9312.4 Hirigoyen's four stages of coercive control
  94. 94Clinical vignette 12.A — Anonymized and composite
  95. 9512.5 Extension to the couple and the family
  96. 9612.6 Legislative impact in France
  97. 9712.7 Academic and epistemological critiques
  98. 9812.8 Hirigoyen and Racamier: convergences and differences
  99. 99Chapter conclusion
  100. 100Introduction: two traditions, one and the same object
  101. 10113.1 Assessment of the psychoanalytic tradition (chapters 4 through 12)
  102. 10213.2 The epistemological dialogue: tensions and complementarities
  103. 10313.3 Cross-traditional convergences
  104. 10413.4 Persistent epistemological divergences
  105. 10513.5 Toward the Dark Triad: a conceptual bridge
  106. 10613.6 The bridge to Part 3: the Dark Triad as operational translation
  107. 10713.7 The Dark Decade as an integrative horizon
  108. 10813.8 What the clinician retains from this traversal
  109. 109Chapter Conclusion
  110. 11014.1. Two traditions, two ways of knowing
  111. 11114.2. Paulhus & Williams (2002): the birth certificate
  112. 11214.3. The three components
  113. 11314.4. What unites, what distinguishes
  114. 11414.5. Compact measurement instruments
  115. 11514.6. Prevalence in the general population
  116. 11614.7. The Dark Triad and gender
  117. 11714.8. Methodological critiques
  118. 118Chapter 14 bibliography
  119. 11915.1. Buckels, Jones & Paulhus (2013): the behavioral confirmation of sadism
  120. 12015.2. Everyday sadism
  121. 12115.3. Book et al. (2016) and the validation of the Tetrad
  122. 12215.4. Triad or Tetrad? The debate
  123. 123The theoretical extensions: from the Pentad to the Decad
  124. 12415.5. The Dark Pentad: pure malevolence (*spitefulness*)
  125. 12515.6. The Dark Hexad: Eysenck's psychoticism
  126. 12615.7. The Dark Heptad: callous/cold affect
  127. 12715.8. The Dark Octad: paranoid ideation
  128. 12815.9. The Black Ennead: systematic coercive control behavior (original proposal)
  129. 12915.10. The Dark Decade: the dehumanization of others
  130. 13015.11. Summary table of the Dark Decade
  131. 131Bibliography for chapter 15
  132. 13216.1. The Big Five model: the common language of normal personality
  133. 13316.2. Correlations of the Triad and the Tetrad with the Big Five
  134. 13416.3. HEXACO and the H factor: the keystone
  135. 13516.4. Major implication: a continuum, not a nature apart
  136. 136Bibliography for chapter 16
  137. 13717.1. Brain architecture and narcissism
  138. 13817.2. Neurochemistry
  139. 13917.3. Functional neuroimaging
  140. 14017.4. The nature/nurture debate remains open
  141. 141Bibliography for chapter 17
  142. 14218.1. Heritability: the lesson of twins
  143. 14318.2. Candidate genes: fragile findings
  144. 14418.3. Epigenetics: when the environment inscribes its mark
  145. 14518.4. The integrative model: nature + nurture + epigenetics
  146. 14618.5. Ethical implications: against reductionism
  147. 147Bibliography for chapter 18
  148. 14819.1. What the empirical approach has contributed
  149. 14919.2. Its limits in relation to psychoanalysis
  150. 15019.3. The construction site of extension: a program, not a dogma
  151. 15119.4. A call for interdisciplinarity
  152. 152Chapter 19 bibliography
  153. 15320.1 Introduction: why nosography matters
  154. 15420.2 History: from DSM-III (1980) to DSM-5 (2013)
  155. 15520.3 The diagnostic criteria for NPD (DSM-5, Section II)
  156. 15620.4 Epidemiology: prevalence and gender
  157. 15720.5 Section III: the alternative model of personality disorders (AMPD)
  158. 15820.6 Critique of the categorical model: comorbidity as a symptom
  159. 15920.7 Differential diagnosis
  160. 16020.8 Chapter conclusion
  161. 16121.1 The WHO and the other global nosography
  162. 16221.2 The ICD-11 model: severity, single qualifier, trait specifiers
  163. 16321.3 Where has narcissism gone?
  164. 16421.4 DSM-5 / ICD-11 comparison
  165. 16521.5 Clinical implications: does the dimensional approach change the diagnosis of narcissism?
  166. 16622.1 A preliminary observation: the term is not a diagnosis
  167. 16722.2 French genealogy of the term
  168. 16822.3 What the popular term contributes
  169. 16922.4 Drifts and problems of the popular concept
  170. 17022.5 What clinicians say
  171. 17122.6 Editorial proposal: a partition of usages
  172. 17222.7 Discussing it with patients: therapeutic issues
  173. 17323.1 Media coverage as amplifier
  174. 17423.2 Epistemic risks
  175. 17523.3 What science actually says
  176. 17623.4 Synthesis of Volume I: from Narcissus to the Dark Decad
  177. 17723.5 Chapter conclusion and opening onto Volume II
  178. 1781.1 Introduction: Thinking About Personality in Structural Terms
  179. 1791.2 Neurotic Organization: The Structural Reference Point
  180. 1801.3 Psychotic Organization: Structural Disintegration
  181. 1811.4 Borderline Organization: The Intermediate Level and Its Paradoxes
  182. 1821.5 Pathological Narcissism as a Specific Borderline Organization
  183. 1831.6 Clinical and Therapeutic Implications
  184. 184Bibliographic References — Chapter 1
  185. 1852.1 Introduction: Two Theories for One and the Same Clinical Picture
  186. 1862.2 Kohut and Self Psychology: Developmental Trauma
  187. 1872.3 The secondary narcissistic wound: everyday triggers
  188. 1882.4 Kernberg's model: envy as first cause
  189. 1892.5 Clinical synthesis: Kernberg and Kohut as complementary lenses
  190. 1902.6 Manifestations of the grandiose Self in the coercive control relationship
  191. 191Bibliographical references — Chapter 2
  192. 1923.1 Introduction: defenses as the language of the structure
  193. 1933.2 Denial
  194. 1943.3 Splitting
  195. 1953.3bis Splitting induced in the victim
  196. 1963.4 Projection
  197. 1973.5 Projective identification
  198. 1983.6 Idealization and devaluation
  199. 1993.7 Synoptic table: defenses and manifestations in the coercive control relationship
  200. 200Bibliographic references — Chapter 3
  201. 2014.1 Introduction: shame, the central emotion of narcissistic psychopathology
  202. 2024.2 Nathanson (1992) and the psychology of shame
  203. 2034.3 The NPD subject and the predominance of attacking the other
  204. 2044.4 Shame as the energy structuring manipulation
  205. 2054.5 Shame in the victim: shame transfer
  206. 206References — Chapter 4
  207. 2075.1 Introduction: defining love bombing
  208. 2085.2 Etymology and historical context
  209. 2095.3 Deliberate strategy or compulsion: the empirical debate
  210. 2105.4 The neurochemistry of intensive seduction
  211. 2115.5 Active mirroring: merging into the other's desire
  212. 2125.6 Recognizing love bombing: warning signs
  213. 213References — Chapter 5
  214. 2146.1 Introduction: when reality becomes contested ground
  215. 2156.2 Origin of the term: George Cukor's film (1944)
  216. 2166.3 Robin Stern (2007): The Gaslight Effect
  217. 2176.4 Stern's three stages of gaslighting
  218. 2186.5 Gaslighting techniques
  219. 2196.6 Cognitive and neurobiological effects of gaslighting
  220. 220Bibliographic references — Chapter 6
  221. 2217.1 Introduction: the triangle as a relational structure
  222. 2227.2 Bowen (1978): the theory of triangles
  223. 2237.3 Triangulation in the NPD relationship: instrumentalized jealousy
  224. 2247.4 The psychological effects of triangulation on the victim
  225. 225Bibliographic references — Chapter 7
  226. 2268.1 Introduction: silence as a weapon
  227. 2278.2 Punishment by silence as symbolic death
  228. 2288.3 The neurobiological impact of social ostracism
  229. 2298.4 The phases of the silent treatment in narcissistic dynamics
  230. 2308.5 Silent treatment versus the need for time alone: a clinical distinction
  231. 231Bibliographic references — Chapter 8
  232. 2329.1 Introduction: the inversion of relational reality
  233. 2339.2 Projection: attributing one's own traits to the other
  234. 2349.3 Reversal: turning the victim into the perpetrator
  235. 2359.4 The effects of reversal on the victim
  236. 2369.5 Therapeutic implications: restoring reality
  237. 2379.6 Collective reversal: narrative victimization on social media
  238. 2389.7 Synthesis: the ecology of narcissistic manipulation
  239. 239Bibliographical references — Chapter 9
  240. 240Introduction
  241. 24110.1 Theoretical genesis: Freyd (1997) and institutional betrayal
  242. 24210.2 The three-stage mechanism
  243. 24310.3 Harsey, Zurbriggen, and Freyd (2017): DARVO and Victim Self-Blame
  244. 24410.4 Effects on the Victim: Confusion, Self-Blame, and Withdrawal of the Complaint
  245. 24510.5 DARVO and Betrayal Trauma: The Mechanisms of Functional Amnesia
  246. 24610.6 Therapeutic Implications in CBT
  247. 24710.7 DARVO in Institutional and Professional Contexts
  248. 24810.8 DARVO and Digital Culture
  249. 24910.9 Cross-Cultural Dimensions of DARVO
  250. 25010.10 Detailed Clinical Vignette
  251. 251Bibliography for Chapter 10
  252. 252Introduction
  253. 25311.1 Social control as an architecture of domination
  254. 25411.2 Isolation techniques: a methodical progression
  255. 25511.3 Isolation as a necessary condition for total coercive control
  256. 25611.4 Longitudinal data: the temporality of isolation
  257. 25711.5 Early clinical indicators
  258. 25811.6 Therapeutic implications
  259. 25911.7 Isolation and identity alteration
  260. 26011.8 Digital isolation: new forms of social control
  261. 26111.9 Isolation and Stockholm syndrome
  262. 26211.10 Resilience factors against isolation
  263. 263Chapter 11 bibliography
  264. 264Introduction
  265. 26512.1 Economic exploitation: mechanisms and forms
  266. 26612.2 Emotional debt: psychological exploitation
  267. 26712.3 Exploitation as a structural condition of the relationship
  268. 26812.4 Psychological consequences of exploitation: a complex clinical picture
  269. 26912.5 Psychological exploitation and operant conditioning
  270. 27012.6 The cycle of coerced debt: a long-term economic anchoring mechanism
  271. 27112.7 The continuum of exploitation: from mild to severe forms
  272. 27212.8 Clinical assessment instruments
  273. 273Bibliography for chapter 12
  274. 274Introduction
  275. 27513.1 The narcissistic continuum
  276. 27613.2 The NPI (Narcissistic Personality Inventory, Raskin & Terry, 1988)
  277. 27713.3 Measuring subclinical narcissism: beyond the NPI
  278. 27813.4 Why the majority of popularly labeled “narcissistic abusers” do not meet NPD criteria
  279. 27913.5 Grandiose self-display on social networks: subclinical narcissism and the digital space
  280. 28013.6 Narcissism in the Dark Tetrad: need for validation and narcissistic injury
  281. 28113.7 The DSM-5 alternative model: a dimensional approach
  282. 28213.8 NPD in therapy: resistances and levers
  283. 28313.9 Narcissism, shame, and intimate partner violence
  284. 284Chapter 13 Bibliography
  285. 285Introduction
  286. 28614.1 Machiavelli (1513): the intellectual genesis of a psychology of power
  287. 28714.2 Christie and Geis (1970): psychometric operationalization
  288. 28814.3 Cross-cultural validity of the Mach-IV
  289. 28914.4 Subclinical Machiavellianism: strategy, moral pragmatism, and cold manipulation
  290. 29014.5 Differences from narcissism and psychopathy
  291. 29114.6 Machiavellianism and sexuality
  292. 29214.7 Machiavellianism and cognitive empathy: the paradox of instrumental understanding
  293. 29314.8 Machiavellianism and the organizational world
  294. 29414.9 Genesis of Machiavellianism: developmental perspectives
  295. 29514.10 Clinical vignette: the Machiavellian in the couple relationship
  296. 296Bibliography for chapter 14
  297. 297Introduction
  298. 29815.1 Hare (1991): the PCL-R and the operational definition
  299. 29915.2 Primary and secondary psychopathy
  300. 30015.3 The psychopath's charm as a tool of manipulation
  301. 30115.4 Prevalence data
  302. 30215.5 Psychopathy and intimate partner violence
  303. 30315.6 Psychopathy and moral cognition: from neuroscience to clinical practice
  304. 30415.7 Female psychopathy: a differential portrait
  305. 30515.8 Critique of the PCL-R and limits of the model
  306. 30615.9 Clinical vignette: the subclinical psychopath in an intimate relationship
  307. 307Bibliography for Chapter 15
  308. 308Introduction
  309. 30916.1 Buckels, Trapnell and Paulhus (2013): establishing everyday sadism
  310. 31016.2 Sadism as the fourth component of the Dark Tetrad
  311. 31116.3 Manifestations in relationships: humiliation, relish and cruel games
  312. 31216.4 Neurobiology of sadism
  313. 31316.5 Therapeutic implications
  314. 31416.6 Sadism and escalation in abusive relationships
  315. 31516.7 Sadism and power: the institutional dimension
  316. 31616.8 Online sadism: trolling as a natural laboratory
  317. 31716.9 Therapeutic approaches in the presence of sadistic traits
  318. 318Chapter 16 bibliography
  319. 319Introduction
  320. 32017.1 Marcus et al. (2014): definition and measurement of the Spitefulness Scale
  321. 32117.2 Conceptual distinctions: spite, sadism and aggression
  322. 32217.3 Manifestations of spite in abusive relationships
  323. 32317.4 Empirical correlates of spite
  324. 32417.5 Therapeutic implications
  325. 32517.6 Spite in separation contexts: systematic destruction
  326. 32617.7 Evolutionary origins of spite
  327. 32717.8 Spite and game theory
  328. 32817.9 Spite, attachment, and developmental trajectories
  329. 329Bibliography for Chapter 17
  330. 330Introduction
  331. 33118.1 Eysenck (1952, 1975): the three-dimensional model of personality
  332. 33218.2 Neurobiology of psychoticism
  333. 33318.3 Jones and Neria (2015): psychoticism and the Dark Decade
  334. 33418.4 Manifestations in the abusive relationship
  335. 33518.5 Psychoticism, creativity and atypical thinking
  336. 33618.6 Integration within the framework of the Dark Tetrad and the Dark Decade
  337. 33718.7 Therapeutic implications
  338. 33818.8 Psychoticism and caregiving relationships: professionals high on the P dimension
  339. 33918.9 Psychoticism and creativity: the other side of the dark trait
  340. 34018.10 Measuring psychoticism: instrumental developments
  341. 34118.11 Clinical vignette: psychoticism and escalation within the relationship
  342. 34218.12 Final integration: the Dark Decade as a spectrum
  343. 343Chapter 18 bibliography
  344. 344Manipulation as a multidimensional space
  345. 345Cross-cutting mechanisms
  346. 346Articulation with the Dark Decade framework
  347. 347The importance of clinical training
  348. 348Prospects for the following chapters
  349. 349Introduction: beyond the lack of empathy
  350. 35019.1 The construction of CU traits: Frick, White, and the pediatric legacy
  351. 35119.2 The adult counterpart: callous affect in Hare's PCL-R
  352. 35219.3 Indifference to the suffering of others: conceptual distinction
  353. 35319.4 Callous affect and coercive control: the mechanism of progressive desensitization
  354. 35419.5 Measurement and levels of evidence
  355. 355Bibliography for Chapter 19
  356. 356Introduction: mistrust erected into a system
  357. 35720.1 The Paranoia Checklist by Freeman et al. (2005)
  358. 35820.2 Pathological mistrust and systematic suspicion in NPD
  359. 35920.3 Persecutory interpretation of the victim's behaviors
  360. 36020.4 How paranoia reinforces coercive control: surveillance, accusations, preventive control
  361. 36120.5 Paranoid ideation and the Dark Decade: theoretical articulation
  362. 362Bibliography for Chapter 20
  363. 363Introduction: From Accumulation to Organization
  364. 36421.1 Coercive Control: Definitions and Conceptual Debates
  365. 36521.2 From Trait to System: Why the Ennead Exceeds the Sum of Its Parts
  366. 36621.3 Available Empirical Data
  367. 36721.4 Theoretical Status and Limits of the Concept
  368. 36821.5 The Black Ennead and Clinical Practice
  369. 369Bibliography for Chapter 21
  370. 370Introduction: At the End of the System
  371. 37122.1 Infrahumanization: Haslam (2006)
  372. 37222.2 Secondary Emotions and Infrahumanization: Leyens et al. (2007)
  373. 37322.3 Dehumanization in Interpersonal Coercive Control: Animalization and Robotization
  374. 37422.4 The role of dehumanization in the escalation of violence
  375. 37522.5 How dehumanization allows the manipulator to override his own inhibitions
  376. 37622.6 The complete Dark Decad: synthesis
  377. 377Bibliography for Chapter 22
  378. 378Introduction: two neighboring disorders, two distinct logics
  379. 37923.1 Shared criteria: the common ground
  380. 38023.2 Fundamental differences: admiration vs gain
  381. 38123.3 Frequent comorbidity: the NPD-ASPD profile
  382. 38223.4 Clinical differential diagnosis
  383. 383Bibliography for Chapter 23
  384. 384Introduction: attention as a shared need, as a different end
  385. 38524.1 Common features: attention, seduction, and superficial relationships
  386. 38624.2 Fundamental differences: affection vs admiration
  387. 38724.3 Emotionality vs calculating coldness
  388. 38824.4 The histrionic subject in a relationship with an NPD subject: a double trap
  389. 389Bibliography for chapter 24
  390. 390Introduction: misleading resemblances, different structures
  391. 39125.1 Misleading resemblances
  392. 39225.2 Structural differences
  393. 39325.3 Risk of over-diagnosis of NPD in trauma-victim borderline patients
  394. 394Bibliography for chapter 25
  395. 395Introduction: shared mistrust, opposing logics
  396. 39626.1 Shared mistrust: a surface similarity
  397. 39726.2 Different motivation: criticism vs threat
  398. 39826.3 Differences in the therapeutic relationship
  399. 39926.4 Predominant defense mechanisms
  400. 40026.5 NPD–PPD comorbidity
  401. 401Bibliography for Chapter 26
  402. 402Introduction: toward a clinical practice of complexity
  403. 40327.1 Prevalence data on NPD comorbidities
  404. 40427.2 Clinical profile 1: NPD + ASPD (the “severe exploiter” profile)
  405. 40527.3 Clinical profile 2: NPD + BPD (the “volatile and manipulative” profile)
  406. 40627.4 Clinical profile 3: NPD + PPD (the “enemy of humankind” profile)
  407. 40727.5 Comorbidities with Axis I disorders: alcohol, depression, bipolar disorder
  408. 40827.6 Impact of comorbidities on coercive control and therapy: synthesis
  409. 40927.7 Toward a dimensional nosography: limits of categories
  410. 410Bibliography for Chapter 27
  411. 411Introduction: why love can become a trap
  412. 4121.1 The Attachment and Loss trilogy: theoretical architecture
  413. 4131.2 The four attachment styles
  414. 4141.3 The Adult Attachment Interview and transgenerational continuity
  415. 4151.4 Earned security: security acquired through therapy
  416. 416Chapter conclusion
  417. 417Introduction: the past as matrix of the present
  418. 4182.1 The ACE Study: the epidemiological demonstration
  419. 4192.2 Forms of early adversity relevant to coercive control
  420. 4202.3 Repetition compulsion: between Freud and neuroscience
  421. 4212.4 Developmental trauma and its sequelae
  422. 422Chapter conclusion
  423. 423Introduction: the crack in the foundation
  424. 4243.1 Self-esteem: architectures and measures
  425. 4253.2 Toxic shame according to Brown
  426. 4263.3 The inner critical voice according to Firestone
  427. 4273.4 Nathanson's compass of shame
  428. 4283.5 The shame–coercive control vicious circle
  429. 429Chapter conclusion
  430. 430Introduction: the gift that turns against you
  431. 4314.1 Measuring empathy: Davis's IRI
  432. 4324.2 The paradox of the empathic victim
  433. 4334.3 Compassion fatigue
  434. 4344.4 Protective empathy versus fusional empathy
  435. 435Chapter conclusion
  436. 436Introduction: when love is confused with need
  437. 4375.1 Beattie and the foundations of the concept
  438. 4385.2 Norwood and the passionate dimension
  439. 4395.3 Fear of abandonment as the central driver
  440. 4405.4 Distinguishing love from codependency
  441. 4415.5 Codependency and anxious attachment
  442. 4425.6 Ways out
  443. 443Chapter conclusion
  444. 444Introduction: flooding as a strategy
  445. 4456.1 The neurochemistry of the initial state of being in love
  446. 4466.2 Love bombing tactics
  447. 4476.3 Gratitude and emotional debt
  448. 4486.4 Absolute conviction and ignored warning signs
  449. 4496.5 Why love bombing also works on intelligent people
  450. 450Chapter conclusion
  451. 451Introduction: the turning point
  452. 4527.1 The first serious incident
  453. 4537.2 Cognitive dissonance as a survival mechanism
  454. 4547.3 The introjection of the manipulator's beliefs
  455. 4557.4 Gaslighting: the distortion of reality
  456. 4567.5 The escalation of demands
  457. 457Chapter conclusion
  458. 458Introduction: paradoxical attachment
  459. 4598.1 Dutton and Painter's theory
  460. 4608.2 Intermittent reinforcement: Skinner's lesson
  461. 4618.3 The neurochemistry of trauma bonding
  462. 4628.4 Walker's cycle of violence
  463. 4638.5 “Just leave”: why it is impossible
  464. 464Chapter conclusion
  465. 465Introduction: separation as a second trauma
  466. 4669.1 Forms of separation
  467. 4679.2 Post-separation hoovering
  468. 4689.3 Post-separation games
  469. 4699.4 No contact: clinical justification and practical application
  470. 4709.5 Grieving the relationship and the illusion
  471. 471Chapter conclusion
  472. 472Introduction: moving beyond the metaphor of the cycle
  473. 47310.1 Johnson: two forms of intimate partner violence
  474. 47410.2 Stark: violence as deprivation of liberty
  475. 47510.3 Psychological violence alone
  476. 47610.4 French epidemiological data
  477. 47710.5 Escalation over time
  478. 47810.6 Psychological violence and developments in French law
  479. 479Conclusion of the chapter and of the volume
  480. 480Author's note
  481. 4811.1 Introduction: why it “works” at the beginning
  482. 4822.1 Introduction: when separation does not end coercive control
  483. 4833.1 Introduction: the family as a system
  484. 4844.1 Introduction: defining intimate partner violence
  485. 4855.1 Introduction: the seducer in the boardroom
  486. 4866.1 Introduction: beyond narcissism, the dark sphere
  487. 4877.1 Introduction: a phenomenon at the intersection of law and psychology
  488. 4888.1 Introduction: when the organisation becomes the abuser
  489. 4899.1 Introduction: the question of the link between pathological personalities and economic crises
  490. 49010.1 Introduction: the appeal of the grandiose in politics
  491. 49111.1 Introduction: democracy confronted with its flaws
  492. 49212.1 Introduction: can we speak of a narcissistic culture?
  493. 49313.1 Introduction: the digital sphere as a narcissistic stage
  494. 49414.1 Introduction: The cult as institutionalized coercive control
  495. 49515.1 Introduction: crossing levels of analysis
  496. 496General bibliography of Volume IV
  497. 497General introduction
  498. 498Introduction to Part 1
  499. 499I. Introduction: why CBT in the aftermath of a narcissistic relationship
  500. 500II. Beck's cognitive model applied to victims
  501. 501III. Cognitive restructuring
  502. 502IV. Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT)
  503. 503V. Prolonged exposure therapy (PE)
  504. 504VI. Assertiveness and relational skills
  505. 505VII. CBT and the management of complex traumatic grief
  506. 506I. Introduction: beyond the symptom, the matrix of vulnerabilities
  507. 507II. The eighteen early maladaptive schemas
  508. 508III. Schema Modes
  509. 509IV. Therapeutic Techniques
  510. 510V. Treating the Overcompensator's Defensive Modes
  511. 511VI. Outcome Assessment in Schema Therapy
  512. 512I. Introduction: Accepting in Order to Act Better
  513. 513II. The Hexaflex: the six core processes
  514. 514III. The ACT matrix and its application to victims of narcissistic abusers
  515. 515IV. ACT and psychological flexibility as an antidote to coercive control
  516. 516V. Brief-format and group ACT protocols
  517. 517Additional note — ACT in a cross-cultural context
  518. 518I. Introduction and historical context
  519. 519II. The AIP model (Adaptive Information Processing)
  520. 520III. The standard eight-phase protocol
  521. 521IV. Adaptation to complex trauma and to victims of narcissistic abusers
  522. 522V. EMDR and the body's implicit memories
  523. 523VI. Efficacy data
  524. 524I. Introduction: the multidimensionality of the inner self
  525. 525II. Mapping the parts
  526. 526III. The therapeutic process: “unblending” and access to the Self
  527. 527IV. Relevance of IFS in the aftermath of a relationship with a narcissistic abuser
  528. 528V. The eight Cs of the Self and their therapeutic value
  529. 529VI. Supervision and the limits of IFS work
  530. 530I. Introduction: when the body remembers
  531. 531II. Peter Levine's Somatic Experiencing
  532. 532III. Pat Ogden's sensorimotor approach
  533. 533IV. Body work with victims of narcissistic abusers
  534. 534V. Yoga and movement as therapeutic adjuncts
  535. 535I. Introduction: toward an integrative therapeutics
  536. 536II. EMDR–schema therapy integration
  537. 537III. The IFS-EMDR articulation
  538. 538IV. The STAIR Narrative Therapy protocol
  539. 539V. Phased therapy: a structuring principle
  540. 540VI. Mentalization as a cross-cutting skill
  541. 541I. Introduction: returning to oneself
  542. 542II. Mindfulness
  543. 543III. Kristin Neff's self-compassion
  544. 544I. Introduction: who am I without him/her?
  545. 545II. Narrative therapy (White & Epston, 1990)
  546. 546III. Values Clarification in ACT
  547. 547IV. Post-Traumatic Growth (PTG)
  548. 548V. Identity Reconstruction in Post-Separation Co-Parenting Relationships
  549. 549VI. Integrating Spirituality into Identity Reconstruction
  550. 550VII. The Stages of Narrative Reconstruction: A Clinical Guide
  551. 551Introduction to Part 2
  552. 552I. Introduction: A Demanding Patient, Real Pitfalls
  553. 553II. Clinical Presentation and Reasons for Consultation
  554. 554III. Prognostic indicators
  555. 555IV. Specific features of the therapeutic frame
  556. 556V. Ethics and limits of work with the narcissistic subject
  557. 557I. Introduction: the therapeutic relationship as a field of analysis
  558. 558II. Narcissistic transference according to Heinz Kohut
  559. 559III. Countertransference: recognizing one's own reactions
  560. 560IV. Supervision as an ethical requirement
  561. 561V. The Balint group: learning from collective countertransference
  562. 562I. Introduction: Dialectics as a Pathway to Change
  563. 563II. The Biosocial Model and Its Application to NPD
  564. 564III. The Four DBT Skills Modules
  565. 565I. Introduction: The Dimension of Meaning in Recovery
  566. 566II. Carl Rogers and the Fundamental Therapeutic Triad
  567. 567III. Viktor Frankl and Logotherapy
  568. 568IV. Irvin Yalom and the Four Existential Givens
  569. 569V. The person-centered approach and the validation of the narcissistic subject's subjective experience
  570. 570VI. Logotherapy and the question of responsibility
  571. 571Introduction to Part 3
  572. 572I. Introduction: preventing at the source
  573. 573II. Marc Brackett's RULER program
  574. 574III. Social-emotional education programs in France
  575. 575IV. Early parenting support
  576. 576V. Education in healthy relationships within the school curriculum
  577. 577I. Introduction: educating the gaze
  578. 578II. Early warning signals (red flags)
  579. 579III. Signals of a healthy relationship (green flags)
  580. 580IV. Intuition and Gendlin's focusing
  581. 581V. Recognising warning signals specific to different relational contexts
  582. 582I. Introduction: rebounding without erasing
  583. 583II. Boris Cyrulnik and Resilience as a Narrative Process
  584. 584III. George Bonanno and the Four Post-Traumatic Trajectories
  585. 585IV. Resilience Factors
  586. 586V. Tedeschi, Calhoun and Post-Traumatic Growth
  587. 587VI. The Role of Creativity in Resilience
  588. 588I. Introduction: Emerging from Imposed Isolation
  589. 589II. The Protective Role of Social Support — the Brewin Meta-Analysis (2000)
  590. 590III. The Forms of Social Support
  591. 591IV. Peer Support Groups
  592. 592V. Romantic relationships after coercive control
  593. 593V. Online support groups: opportunities and limits
  594. 594Supplementary note — Social media as a double-edged sword in recovery
  595. 595I. Introduction: the path is manifold, healing is real
  596. 596II. Which type of therapy for which profile?
  597. 597III. The therapeutic relationship: the irreplaceable
  598. 598IV. The Stages of the Path — A Synthesis
  599. 599V. A Message of Hope
  600. 600VI. Emerging Data: Toward Precision Medicine in Psychotraumatology
  601. 601VII. Which Therapist to Choose? Practical Guidance
  602. 602VII. The Question of Medication
  603. 603What Science Says About Healing
  604. 604What Victims Themselves Report
  605. 605The responsibility of the clinical field
  606. 606A.2 Resources for professionals
  607. 607A.3 Annotated bibliography for further reading
  608. 608Note on use
  609. 609ACT (ACCEPTANCE AND COMMITMENT THERAPY)
  610. 610CALLOUS/COLD AFFECT (CALLOUS-UNEMOTIONAL TRAITS)
  611. 611NARCISSISTIC AGGRESSION
  612. 612RELATIONAL AGGRESSION (indirect aggression)
  613. 613PARENTAL ALIENATION
  614. 614SELF-LOVE vs AMOUR-PROPRE (ROUSSEAU)
  615. 615ANACLITIC (— DEPRESSION)
  616. 616POST-COERCIVE-CONTROL ANHEDONIA
  617. 617ATTACHMENT (THEORY OF) — BOWLBY
  618. 618ANXIOUS ATTACHMENT
  619. 619DISORGANIZED ATTACHMENT
  620. 620AVOIDANT ATTACHMENT
  621. 621SELF-BLAME (IN COERCIVE CONTROL)
  622. 622SELF-COMPASSION (KRISTIN NEFF)
  623. 623BATESON (DOUBLE BIND)
  624. 624BEATTIE (MELODY) — CODEPENDENCY
  625. 625BECK (AARON T.) — CBT
  626. 626BIG FIVE (FIVE-FACTOR MODEL)
  627. 627BORDERLINE (— PERSONALITY DISORDER) vs NPD
  628. 628BOWLBY (JOHN) — BIOGRAPHY AND WORK
  629. 629BROWN (BRENÉ) — SHAME AND VULNERABILITY
  630. 630CALLOUS-UNEMOTIONAL TRAITS
  631. 631SMEAR CAMPAIGN
  632. 632CARPET BOMBING
  633. 633CHARM (OF THE ABUSER)
  634. 634SPLITTING (DEFENCE MECHANISM)
  635. 635CODEPENDENCY
  636. 636COMPASSION FATIGUE
  637. 637REPETITION COMPULSION (FREUD)
  638. 638COUNTERTRANSFERENCE (WITH AN NPD PATIENT)
  639. 639COERCIVE CONTROL (Coercive Control — Evan Stark)
  640. 640GUILT INDUCTION (INDUCTION OF GUILT)
  641. 641CYCLE OF VIOLENCE (LENORE WALKER, 1979)
  642. 642DARK TETRAD
  643. 643DARK TRIAD
  644. 644DARVO (Deny, Attack, Reverse Victim and Offender — Freyd)
  645. 645THE DARK DECADE (concept original to this encyclopedia)
  646. 646NARCISSISTIC DEFENSES (splitting, denial, idealization/devaluation, projection)
  647. 647DENIAL (defense mechanism)
  648. 648REALITY DENIAL (gaslight)
  649. 649DEPERSONALIZATION
  650. 650DEREALIZATION
  651. 651DEHUMANIZATION (infrahumanization — Haslam)
  652. 652DEVALUATION (in the idealization/devaluation cycle)
  653. 653DISSOCIATION (dissociative continuum)
  654. 654COGNITIVE DISSONANCE (Festinger, 1957 — application to coercive control)
  655. 655DOUBLE BIND (Bateson et al., 1956)
  656. 656DSM-5 (Narcissistic Personality Disorder — criteria A–D)
  657. 657EARNED SECURITY (acquired attachment security)
  658. 658SELF-ERASURE (in coercive control)
  659. 659ELLIS (Havelock) — first clinical use of narcissism
  660. 660EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing)
  661. 661EMPATHY (deficit in — in the NPD subject)
  662. 662COGNITIVE EMPATHY vs AFFECTIVE EMPATHY
  663. 663COERCIVE CONTROL (clinical and legal definition)
  664. 664BLACK ENNEAD (theoretical concept)
  665. 665EPIGENETICS AND DARK TRAITS
  666. 666DANGEROUSNESS ASSESSMENT (Danger Assessment — Campbell)
  667. 667FALSE SELF (Winnicott)
  668. 668FEMICIDES (epidemiological data)
  669. 669FERENCZI (Sandor) — confusion of tongues
  670. 670FESTINGER
  671. 671FLYING MONKEYS (abuse by proxy)
  672. 672FOLIE À DEUX (induced madness)
  673. 673FRANKL (Viktor) — logotherapy
  674. 674FREEZE (freeze response)
  675. 675FREUD (Sigmund) — narcissism (1914)
  676. 676FREYD (Jennifer) — DARVO and institutional betrayal
  677. 677FRICK & WHITE — callous-unemotional traits
  678. 678GASLIGHTING (Robin Stern, 2007)
  679. 679GOLDEN CHILD (the favored child in the narcissistic family)
  680. 680GRANDIOSITY
  681. 681GREEN (André) — the dead mother
  682. 682GREY ROCK METHOD
  683. 683HARE (Robert D.) — psychopathy and the PCL-R
  684. 684HASLAM (Nick) — dehumanization and infrahumanization
  685. 685HERMAN (Judith) — Trauma and Recovery, C-PTSD
  686. 686DARK HEXAD
  687. 687HIRIGOYEN (Marie-France) — Le Harcèlement moral (1998)
  688. 688TOXIC SHAME
  689. 689HOOVERING (post-separation suction)
  690. 690HPA (— axis) and trauma
  691. 691HYPERVIGILANCE
  692. 692IDEALIZATION (defence mechanism + relational phase)
  693. 693IDENTIFICATION WITH THE AGGRESSOR (Anna Freud, Ferenczi)
  694. 694IFS (Internal Family Systems — Richard Schwartz)
  695. 695SOMATIC IMPACT OF TRAUMA
  696. 696ISOLATION (defense mechanism)
  697. 697ISOLATION (control strategy)
  698. 698IWM (Internal Working Models)
  699. 699JANET (Pierre) — dissociation (1889)
  700. 700JOHNSON (Michael) — situational violence vs. coercive control
  701. 701KABAT-ZINN (Jon) — MBSR
  702. 702KERNBERG (Otto) — malignant narcissism, borderline organization
  703. 703KLEIN (Melanie) — positions, primary envy
  704. 704KOHUT (Heinz) — self psychology, narcissistic injury
  705. 705LACAN (Jacques) — mirror stage
  706. 706LASCH (Christopher) — Culture of Narcissism (1979)
  707. 707LEVINE (Peter) — Somatic Experiencing
  708. 708LEYMANN (Heinz) — mobbing
  709. 709LINEHAN (Marsha) — DBT
  710. 710LOVE BOMBING (etymology carpet bombing, Moonies 1970s, Margaret Singer)
  711. 711LOYALTIES (conflicts of — in the narcissistic family)
  712. 712MACHIAVELLIANISM (Christie & Geis, 1970)
  713. 713ELDER ABUSE
  714. 714SPITEFULNESS (Marcus et al., 2014)
  715. 715DEFENSE MECHANISMS — synthetic table
  716. 716MIRROR (function of — in the narcissistic relationship)
  717. 717MIRRORING (the manipulator's active mirroring in the seduction phase)
  718. 718MODES (schema therapy — Young)
  719. 719NARCISSISM (differential definition: normal trait / subclinical / NPD)
  720. 720NARCISSISM AND GENDER (gendered expression of —)
  721. 721NARCISSISM AND INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE (synthesis)
  722. 722MALIGNANT NARCISSISM (Kernberg)
  723. 723PRIMARY / SECONDARY NARCISSISM (Freud, 1914)
  724. 724HEALTHY NARCISSISM (vs pathological)
  725. 725NATHANSON (Donald) — compass of shame
  726. 726NO CONTACT
  727. 727NORWOOD (Robin) — Women Who Love Too Much
  728. 728NPD (Narcissistic Personality Disorder) — DSM-5 and ICD-11
  729. 729PART OBJECT / WHOLE OBJECT (Klein)
  730. 730DARK OCTAD
  731. 731OMNIPOTENCE (narcissistic defense)
  732. 732PERSONALITY ORGANIZATION (Kernberg: neurotic / borderline / psychotic)
  733. 733NARCISSISTIC PARENTING
  734. 734PAULHUS & WILLIAMS (2002) — Dark Triad
  735. 735PCL-R (Psychopathy Checklist-Revised — Hare)
  736. 736DICHOTOMOUS THINKING (all-or-nothing)
  737. 737DARK PENTAD
  738. 738FEAR OF ABANDONMENT
  739. 739PROJECTION (defense mechanism)
  740. 740IDENTIFICATORY PROJECTION (projective identification — Klein)
  741. 741PSYCHOPATHY (subclinical vs clinical)
  742. 742CORPORATE PSYCHOPATHY (Boddy)
  743. 743PSYCHOTICISM (Eysenck)
  744. 744RACAMIER (Paul-Claude) — narcissistic perversion (1986)
  745. 745NARCISSISTIC RAGE (Kohut)
  746. 746RED FLAGS (relational warning signals)
  747. 747LIMITED REPARENTING (schema therapy)
  748. 748RESILIENCE (Cyrulnik, Bonanno, Tedeschi)
  749. 749REALITY REVERSAL
  750. 750ROGERS (Carl) — empathy, congruence, positive regard
  751. 751ROUSSEAU — self-love vs amour-propre
  752. 752EVERYDAY SADISM (everyday sadism — Buckels et al., 2013)
  753. 753EARLY MALADAPTIVE SCHEMAS (Young — the 18 EMS)
  754. 754SELF (IFS — Schwartz)
  755. 755SELF (psychology of the — Kohut) vs EGO (Freud)
  756. 756SILENT TREATMENT (punishment through silence)
  757. 757SINGER (Margaret) — cults and love bombing
  758. 758MIRROR STAGE (Lacan)
  759. 759STARK (Evan) — Coercive Control
  760. 760STOCKHOLM SYNDROME
  761. 761AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND TRAUMA
  762. 762DARK TETRAD (Buckels et al., 2013)
  763. 763TRANSFERENCE (in therapy, specificities with NPD)
  764. 764TRAUMA BONDING (Dutton & Painter, 1993)
  765. 765DARK TRIAD (Paulhus & Williams, 2002)
  766. 766TRIANGULATION (manipulation mechanism)
  767. 767PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) — DSM-5
  768. 768C-PTSD (Complex Trauma) — Herman (1992), ICD-11
  769. 769TWENGE (Jean) — the narcissistic generation
  770. 770VAN DER HART (Onno) — structural dissociation
  771. 771VAN DER KOLK (Bessel) — The Body Keeps the Score
  772. 772INTERPERSONAL VICTIMHOOD (tendency for — TIV)
  773. 773INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE (definition and types)
  774. 774PSYCHOLOGICAL VIOLENCE (definition, data)
  775. 775VIRAGE (survey —, INED 2016)
  776. 776CONTEMPORARY POPULARIZATION OF NARCISSISM (Durvasula, Malkin, and the YouTube turn)
  777. 777WALKER (Lenore) — cycle of violence (1979)
  778. 778WATZLAWICK (Paul) — paradoxical communication
  779. 779WEBSTER (Daniel J.) — spitefulness
  780. 780WINNICOTT (Donald W.) — false self, good enough mother
  781. 781YALOM (Irvin) — existential psychotherapy
  782. 782YOUNG (Jeffrey E.) — see EARLY MALADAPTIVE SCHEMAS
  783. 783In the Same Collection
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