
Encyclopedia of the Narcissistic Abuser
From the Dyad to the Dark Decade — the reference work in six volumes
By Gildas Garrec · 1258 pages · 2026
About this book
A six-volume encyclopedia on narcissistic abuse: the concept’s history, coercive control, social contexts and therapeutic approaches, with a reference dictionary.
There is no shortage of books on narcissistic abuse. What did not exist was a single work bringing together what psychoanalysis, empirical psychology, sociology and clinical practice actually say about it — including where they disagree and where the evidence runs thin. This six-volume encyclopedia does exactly that: the genealogy of the concept from the myth of Narcissus to the DSM-5, the personality structure and mechanisms of the manipulator, the victim's vulnerabilities and the phases of coercive control, the sociology of abuse across family, workplace, politics and cults, the therapeutic approaches with their actual level of validation, and a 174-entry dictionary. 1 258 pages, every figure sourced and every source verified.
Table of contents
- 1Introduction: why begin with a myth?
- 21.1 Ovid: the canonical narrative of the *Metamorphoses*
- 31.2 Pausanias: the rationalized version
- 41.3 Symbolic analysis: the spring, the reflection, the impossible relation
- 51.4 Iconographic receptions: from Caravaggio to Dalí
- 6Chapter conclusion
- 7Introduction: the concept before the word
- 82.1 Plotinus: the soul held captive by the sensible
- 92.2 Rousseau: self-love and amour-propre
- 102.3 Hegel: the master–slave dialectic
- 112.4 Nietzsche: will to power and grandiosity
- 122.5 Honneth: recognition and identity injury
- 13Chapter conclusion
- 14Introduction: how a myth becomes a diagnosis
- 153.1 The Birth of Modern Psychiatry: Pinel and Esquirol
- 163.2 Morel and Degeneration: The Invention of the “Perversions”
- 173.3 The Clinical Baptisms: Ellis (1898) and Näcke (1899)
- 183.4 The Viennese Context: Charcot, Breuer, Freud
- 19Chapter Conclusion
- 20Freud · Klein · Winnicott · Kernberg
- 214.1 Introduction: why begin with Freud?
- 224.2 The 1914 context: a theoretical turning point under strain
- 234.3 *On Narcissism: An Introduction* (1914): architecture of the text
- 244.4 *The Uncanny* (1919): the narcissistic double
- 254.5 *Civilization and Its Discontents* (1930): the oceanic feeling
- 264.6 Limits of the Freudian model
- 274.7 Conclusion: what Freud bequeaths to the question of the narcissistic abuser
- 285.1 Introduction: the relational turn
- 295.2 The paranoid-schizoid position (roughly 0-4 months)
- 305.3 The depressive position (from 4-6 months onward)
- 315.4 Primary envy: *Envy and Gratitude* (1957)
- 325.5 Projective identification: the elementary mechanics of coercive control
- 335.6 Limits of the Kleinian model
- 345.7 Conclusion
- 356.1 Introduction: the environment enters the scene
- 366.2 The good enough mother: holding, handling, object presenting
- 376.3 The true self: spontaneity, creative gesture, sense of existing
- 386.4 The false self: the shell that protects by alienating
- 396.5 The grandiose as false self: link with the narcissistic personality
- 406.6 The transitional space: *Playing and Reality* (1971)
- 416.7 The capacity to be alone in the presence of the other
- 426.8 Therapeutic contributions: regression and environment
- 436.9 Conclusion
- 447.1 Introduction: The Great Structural Synthesis
- 457.2 The Three Personality Organizations
- 467.3 The Narcissistic Personality: The Pathological Grandiose Self
- 477.4 Malignant Narcissism: The Most Severe Form Short of Psychopathy
- 487.5 The Therapeutic Relationship: Confrontation, Transference, Countertransference
- 497.6 Major Contribution and Limitations
- 507.7 Chapter Conclusion and Transition
- 51Introduction: A Silent Revolution in American Psychoanalysis
- 52The break with the Freudian drive model: the Self as central structure
- 53Selfobject needs: mirroring, idealization, twinship
- 54The narcissistic injury: the failure of parental mirroring
- 55The grandiose-exhibitionistic self and the idealized parental imago
- 56Transformation: from archaic needs to maturity
- 57Empathy as the fundamental tool: vicarious introspection
- 58The Kohut–Kernberg controversy: empathy or confrontation
- 59Limits of the Kohutian model: the risk of validating grandiosity
- 60Chapter 8 bibliography
- 61Introduction: the theorist of emptiness
- 62The dead mother complex: impossible mourning
- 63Affective disinvestment and the hole in the psyche
- 64The psychic crypt and the necrosis of the ego
- 65The work of the negative: desymbolization and annihilation
- 66The phallic-narcissistic position: omnipotence against annihilation
- 67Death narcissism and the narcissistic personality: inner emptiness
- 68Analyzability and the clinical practice of borderline cases
- 69Bibliography for chapter 9
- 70Introduction: narcissism as structure, not as trait
- 71The mirror stage (1936/1949): the ego as identification with an image
- 72The imaginary register: rivalry, aggressiveness, capture
- 73The symbolic register: law, language, lack
- 74Desire as desire of the Other
- 75Foreclosure and psychosis: when the symbolic fails
- 76Jouissance: beyond the pleasure principle
- 77The subject caught in the imaginary of the Other: links with the clinical study of narcissism
- 78Critical contribution: Lacan against the psychologies of the Self
- 79Chapter 10 bibliography
- 80Introduction: the psychoanalyst who named the unnameable
- 8111.1 Racamier's biography and clinical context
- 8211.2 The creation of the term: the intellectual genesis of 1986
- 8311.3 Decorporation: the central mechanism
- 8411.4 The incestual and psychic incest
- 8511.5 The perverse relationship: a two-person dynamic
- 8611.6 Racamier and psychosis — a continuum?
- 8711.7 Clinical scope and limits of the Racamierian concept
- 88Chapter conclusion
- 89Introduction: when clinical work meets the general public
- 9012.1 Marie-France Hirigoyen: career and positioning
- 9112.2 *Le Harcèlement moral* (1998): content and contributions
- 9212.3 Perverse communication: a pragmatic analysis
- 9312.4 Hirigoyen's four stages of coercive control
- 94Clinical vignette 12.A — Anonymized and composite
- 9512.5 Extension to the couple and the family
- 9612.6 Legislative impact in France
- 9712.7 Academic and epistemological critiques
- 9812.8 Hirigoyen and Racamier: convergences and differences
- 99Chapter conclusion
- 100Introduction: two traditions, one and the same object
- 10113.1 Assessment of the psychoanalytic tradition (chapters 4 through 12)
- 10213.2 The epistemological dialogue: tensions and complementarities
- 10313.3 Cross-traditional convergences
- 10413.4 Persistent epistemological divergences
- 10513.5 Toward the Dark Triad: a conceptual bridge
- 10613.6 The bridge to Part 3: the Dark Triad as operational translation
- 10713.7 The Dark Decade as an integrative horizon
- 10813.8 What the clinician retains from this traversal
- 109Chapter Conclusion
- 11014.1. Two traditions, two ways of knowing
- 11114.2. Paulhus & Williams (2002): the birth certificate
- 11214.3. The three components
- 11314.4. What unites, what distinguishes
- 11414.5. Compact measurement instruments
- 11514.6. Prevalence in the general population
- 11614.7. The Dark Triad and gender
- 11714.8. Methodological critiques
- 118Chapter 14 bibliography
- 11915.1. Buckels, Jones & Paulhus (2013): the behavioral confirmation of sadism
- 12015.2. Everyday sadism
- 12115.3. Book et al. (2016) and the validation of the Tetrad
- 12215.4. Triad or Tetrad? The debate
- 123The theoretical extensions: from the Pentad to the Decad
- 12415.5. The Dark Pentad: pure malevolence (*spitefulness*)
- 12515.6. The Dark Hexad: Eysenck's psychoticism
- 12615.7. The Dark Heptad: callous/cold affect
- 12715.8. The Dark Octad: paranoid ideation
- 12815.9. The Black Ennead: systematic coercive control behavior (original proposal)
- 12915.10. The Dark Decade: the dehumanization of others
- 13015.11. Summary table of the Dark Decade
- 131Bibliography for chapter 15
- 13216.1. The Big Five model: the common language of normal personality
- 13316.2. Correlations of the Triad and the Tetrad with the Big Five
- 13416.3. HEXACO and the H factor: the keystone
- 13516.4. Major implication: a continuum, not a nature apart
- 136Bibliography for chapter 16
- 13717.1. Brain architecture and narcissism
- 13817.2. Neurochemistry
- 13917.3. Functional neuroimaging
- 14017.4. The nature/nurture debate remains open
- 141Bibliography for chapter 17
- 14218.1. Heritability: the lesson of twins
- 14318.2. Candidate genes: fragile findings
- 14418.3. Epigenetics: when the environment inscribes its mark
- 14518.4. The integrative model: nature + nurture + epigenetics
- 14618.5. Ethical implications: against reductionism
- 147Bibliography for chapter 18
- 14819.1. What the empirical approach has contributed
- 14919.2. Its limits in relation to psychoanalysis
- 15019.3. The construction site of extension: a program, not a dogma
- 15119.4. A call for interdisciplinarity
- 152Chapter 19 bibliography
- 15320.1 Introduction: why nosography matters
- 15420.2 History: from DSM-III (1980) to DSM-5 (2013)
- 15520.3 The diagnostic criteria for NPD (DSM-5, Section II)
- 15620.4 Epidemiology: prevalence and gender
- 15720.5 Section III: the alternative model of personality disorders (AMPD)
- 15820.6 Critique of the categorical model: comorbidity as a symptom
- 15920.7 Differential diagnosis
- 16020.8 Chapter conclusion
- 16121.1 The WHO and the other global nosography
- 16221.2 The ICD-11 model: severity, single qualifier, trait specifiers
- 16321.3 Where has narcissism gone?
- 16421.4 DSM-5 / ICD-11 comparison
- 16521.5 Clinical implications: does the dimensional approach change the diagnosis of narcissism?
- 16622.1 A preliminary observation: the term is not a diagnosis
- 16722.2 French genealogy of the term
- 16822.3 What the popular term contributes
- 16922.4 Drifts and problems of the popular concept
- 17022.5 What clinicians say
- 17122.6 Editorial proposal: a partition of usages
- 17222.7 Discussing it with patients: therapeutic issues
- 17323.1 Media coverage as amplifier
- 17423.2 Epistemic risks
- 17523.3 What science actually says
- 17623.4 Synthesis of Volume I: from Narcissus to the Dark Decad
- 17723.5 Chapter conclusion and opening onto Volume II
- 1781.1 Introduction: Thinking About Personality in Structural Terms
- 1791.2 Neurotic Organization: The Structural Reference Point
- 1801.3 Psychotic Organization: Structural Disintegration
- 1811.4 Borderline Organization: The Intermediate Level and Its Paradoxes
- 1821.5 Pathological Narcissism as a Specific Borderline Organization
- 1831.6 Clinical and Therapeutic Implications
- 184Bibliographic References — Chapter 1
- 1852.1 Introduction: Two Theories for One and the Same Clinical Picture
- 1862.2 Kohut and Self Psychology: Developmental Trauma
- 1872.3 The secondary narcissistic wound: everyday triggers
- 1882.4 Kernberg's model: envy as first cause
- 1892.5 Clinical synthesis: Kernberg and Kohut as complementary lenses
- 1902.6 Manifestations of the grandiose Self in the coercive control relationship
- 191Bibliographical references — Chapter 2
- 1923.1 Introduction: defenses as the language of the structure
- 1933.2 Denial
- 1943.3 Splitting
- 1953.3bis Splitting induced in the victim
- 1963.4 Projection
- 1973.5 Projective identification
- 1983.6 Idealization and devaluation
- 1993.7 Synoptic table: defenses and manifestations in the coercive control relationship
- 200Bibliographic references — Chapter 3
- 2014.1 Introduction: shame, the central emotion of narcissistic psychopathology
- 2024.2 Nathanson (1992) and the psychology of shame
- 2034.3 The NPD subject and the predominance of attacking the other
- 2044.4 Shame as the energy structuring manipulation
- 2054.5 Shame in the victim: shame transfer
- 206References — Chapter 4
- 2075.1 Introduction: defining love bombing
- 2085.2 Etymology and historical context
- 2095.3 Deliberate strategy or compulsion: the empirical debate
- 2105.4 The neurochemistry of intensive seduction
- 2115.5 Active mirroring: merging into the other's desire
- 2125.6 Recognizing love bombing: warning signs
- 213References — Chapter 5
- 2146.1 Introduction: when reality becomes contested ground
- 2156.2 Origin of the term: George Cukor's film (1944)
- 2166.3 Robin Stern (2007): The Gaslight Effect
- 2176.4 Stern's three stages of gaslighting
- 2186.5 Gaslighting techniques
- 2196.6 Cognitive and neurobiological effects of gaslighting
- 220Bibliographic references — Chapter 6
- 2217.1 Introduction: the triangle as a relational structure
- 2227.2 Bowen (1978): the theory of triangles
- 2237.3 Triangulation in the NPD relationship: instrumentalized jealousy
- 2247.4 The psychological effects of triangulation on the victim
- 225Bibliographic references — Chapter 7
- 2268.1 Introduction: silence as a weapon
- 2278.2 Punishment by silence as symbolic death
- 2288.3 The neurobiological impact of social ostracism
- 2298.4 The phases of the silent treatment in narcissistic dynamics
- 2308.5 Silent treatment versus the need for time alone: a clinical distinction
- 231Bibliographic references — Chapter 8
- 2329.1 Introduction: the inversion of relational reality
- 2339.2 Projection: attributing one's own traits to the other
- 2349.3 Reversal: turning the victim into the perpetrator
- 2359.4 The effects of reversal on the victim
- 2369.5 Therapeutic implications: restoring reality
- 2379.6 Collective reversal: narrative victimization on social media
- 2389.7 Synthesis: the ecology of narcissistic manipulation
- 239Bibliographical references — Chapter 9
- 240Introduction
- 24110.1 Theoretical genesis: Freyd (1997) and institutional betrayal
- 24210.2 The three-stage mechanism
- 24310.3 Harsey, Zurbriggen, and Freyd (2017): DARVO and Victim Self-Blame
- 24410.4 Effects on the Victim: Confusion, Self-Blame, and Withdrawal of the Complaint
- 24510.5 DARVO and Betrayal Trauma: The Mechanisms of Functional Amnesia
- 24610.6 Therapeutic Implications in CBT
- 24710.7 DARVO in Institutional and Professional Contexts
- 24810.8 DARVO and Digital Culture
- 24910.9 Cross-Cultural Dimensions of DARVO
- 25010.10 Detailed Clinical Vignette
- 251Bibliography for Chapter 10
- 252Introduction
- 25311.1 Social control as an architecture of domination
- 25411.2 Isolation techniques: a methodical progression
- 25511.3 Isolation as a necessary condition for total coercive control
- 25611.4 Longitudinal data: the temporality of isolation
- 25711.5 Early clinical indicators
- 25811.6 Therapeutic implications
- 25911.7 Isolation and identity alteration
- 26011.8 Digital isolation: new forms of social control
- 26111.9 Isolation and Stockholm syndrome
- 26211.10 Resilience factors against isolation
- 263Chapter 11 bibliography
- 264Introduction
- 26512.1 Economic exploitation: mechanisms and forms
- 26612.2 Emotional debt: psychological exploitation
- 26712.3 Exploitation as a structural condition of the relationship
- 26812.4 Psychological consequences of exploitation: a complex clinical picture
- 26912.5 Psychological exploitation and operant conditioning
- 27012.6 The cycle of coerced debt: a long-term economic anchoring mechanism
- 27112.7 The continuum of exploitation: from mild to severe forms
- 27212.8 Clinical assessment instruments
- 273Bibliography for chapter 12
- 274Introduction
- 27513.1 The narcissistic continuum
- 27613.2 The NPI (Narcissistic Personality Inventory, Raskin & Terry, 1988)
- 27713.3 Measuring subclinical narcissism: beyond the NPI
- 27813.4 Why the majority of popularly labeled “narcissistic abusers” do not meet NPD criteria
- 27913.5 Grandiose self-display on social networks: subclinical narcissism and the digital space
- 28013.6 Narcissism in the Dark Tetrad: need for validation and narcissistic injury
- 28113.7 The DSM-5 alternative model: a dimensional approach
- 28213.8 NPD in therapy: resistances and levers
- 28313.9 Narcissism, shame, and intimate partner violence
- 284Chapter 13 Bibliography
- 285Introduction
- 28614.1 Machiavelli (1513): the intellectual genesis of a psychology of power
- 28714.2 Christie and Geis (1970): psychometric operationalization
- 28814.3 Cross-cultural validity of the Mach-IV
- 28914.4 Subclinical Machiavellianism: strategy, moral pragmatism, and cold manipulation
- 29014.5 Differences from narcissism and psychopathy
- 29114.6 Machiavellianism and sexuality
- 29214.7 Machiavellianism and cognitive empathy: the paradox of instrumental understanding
- 29314.8 Machiavellianism and the organizational world
- 29414.9 Genesis of Machiavellianism: developmental perspectives
- 29514.10 Clinical vignette: the Machiavellian in the couple relationship
- 296Bibliography for chapter 14
- 297Introduction
- 29815.1 Hare (1991): the PCL-R and the operational definition
- 29915.2 Primary and secondary psychopathy
- 30015.3 The psychopath's charm as a tool of manipulation
- 30115.4 Prevalence data
- 30215.5 Psychopathy and intimate partner violence
- 30315.6 Psychopathy and moral cognition: from neuroscience to clinical practice
- 30415.7 Female psychopathy: a differential portrait
- 30515.8 Critique of the PCL-R and limits of the model
- 30615.9 Clinical vignette: the subclinical psychopath in an intimate relationship
- 307Bibliography for Chapter 15
- 308Introduction
- 30916.1 Buckels, Trapnell and Paulhus (2013): establishing everyday sadism
- 31016.2 Sadism as the fourth component of the Dark Tetrad
- 31116.3 Manifestations in relationships: humiliation, relish and cruel games
- 31216.4 Neurobiology of sadism
- 31316.5 Therapeutic implications
- 31416.6 Sadism and escalation in abusive relationships
- 31516.7 Sadism and power: the institutional dimension
- 31616.8 Online sadism: trolling as a natural laboratory
- 31716.9 Therapeutic approaches in the presence of sadistic traits
- 318Chapter 16 bibliography
- 319Introduction
- 32017.1 Marcus et al. (2014): definition and measurement of the Spitefulness Scale
- 32117.2 Conceptual distinctions: spite, sadism and aggression
- 32217.3 Manifestations of spite in abusive relationships
- 32317.4 Empirical correlates of spite
- 32417.5 Therapeutic implications
- 32517.6 Spite in separation contexts: systematic destruction
- 32617.7 Evolutionary origins of spite
- 32717.8 Spite and game theory
- 32817.9 Spite, attachment, and developmental trajectories
- 329Bibliography for Chapter 17
- 330Introduction
- 33118.1 Eysenck (1952, 1975): the three-dimensional model of personality
- 33218.2 Neurobiology of psychoticism
- 33318.3 Jones and Neria (2015): psychoticism and the Dark Decade
- 33418.4 Manifestations in the abusive relationship
- 33518.5 Psychoticism, creativity and atypical thinking
- 33618.6 Integration within the framework of the Dark Tetrad and the Dark Decade
- 33718.7 Therapeutic implications
- 33818.8 Psychoticism and caregiving relationships: professionals high on the P dimension
- 33918.9 Psychoticism and creativity: the other side of the dark trait
- 34018.10 Measuring psychoticism: instrumental developments
- 34118.11 Clinical vignette: psychoticism and escalation within the relationship
- 34218.12 Final integration: the Dark Decade as a spectrum
- 343Chapter 18 bibliography
- 344Manipulation as a multidimensional space
- 345Cross-cutting mechanisms
- 346Articulation with the Dark Decade framework
- 347The importance of clinical training
- 348Prospects for the following chapters
- 349Introduction: beyond the lack of empathy
- 35019.1 The construction of CU traits: Frick, White, and the pediatric legacy
- 35119.2 The adult counterpart: callous affect in Hare's PCL-R
- 35219.3 Indifference to the suffering of others: conceptual distinction
- 35319.4 Callous affect and coercive control: the mechanism of progressive desensitization
- 35419.5 Measurement and levels of evidence
- 355Bibliography for Chapter 19
- 356Introduction: mistrust erected into a system
- 35720.1 The Paranoia Checklist by Freeman et al. (2005)
- 35820.2 Pathological mistrust and systematic suspicion in NPD
- 35920.3 Persecutory interpretation of the victim's behaviors
- 36020.4 How paranoia reinforces coercive control: surveillance, accusations, preventive control
- 36120.5 Paranoid ideation and the Dark Decade: theoretical articulation
- 362Bibliography for Chapter 20
- 363Introduction: From Accumulation to Organization
- 36421.1 Coercive Control: Definitions and Conceptual Debates
- 36521.2 From Trait to System: Why the Ennead Exceeds the Sum of Its Parts
- 36621.3 Available Empirical Data
- 36721.4 Theoretical Status and Limits of the Concept
- 36821.5 The Black Ennead and Clinical Practice
- 369Bibliography for Chapter 21
- 370Introduction: At the End of the System
- 37122.1 Infrahumanization: Haslam (2006)
- 37222.2 Secondary Emotions and Infrahumanization: Leyens et al. (2007)
- 37322.3 Dehumanization in Interpersonal Coercive Control: Animalization and Robotization
- 37422.4 The role of dehumanization in the escalation of violence
- 37522.5 How dehumanization allows the manipulator to override his own inhibitions
- 37622.6 The complete Dark Decad: synthesis
- 377Bibliography for Chapter 22
- 378Introduction: two neighboring disorders, two distinct logics
- 37923.1 Shared criteria: the common ground
- 38023.2 Fundamental differences: admiration vs gain
- 38123.3 Frequent comorbidity: the NPD-ASPD profile
- 38223.4 Clinical differential diagnosis
- 383Bibliography for Chapter 23
- 384Introduction: attention as a shared need, as a different end
- 38524.1 Common features: attention, seduction, and superficial relationships
- 38624.2 Fundamental differences: affection vs admiration
- 38724.3 Emotionality vs calculating coldness
- 38824.4 The histrionic subject in a relationship with an NPD subject: a double trap
- 389Bibliography for chapter 24
- 390Introduction: misleading resemblances, different structures
- 39125.1 Misleading resemblances
- 39225.2 Structural differences
- 39325.3 Risk of over-diagnosis of NPD in trauma-victim borderline patients
- 394Bibliography for chapter 25
- 395Introduction: shared mistrust, opposing logics
- 39626.1 Shared mistrust: a surface similarity
- 39726.2 Different motivation: criticism vs threat
- 39826.3 Differences in the therapeutic relationship
- 39926.4 Predominant defense mechanisms
- 40026.5 NPD–PPD comorbidity
- 401Bibliography for Chapter 26
- 402Introduction: toward a clinical practice of complexity
- 40327.1 Prevalence data on NPD comorbidities
- 40427.2 Clinical profile 1: NPD + ASPD (the “severe exploiter” profile)
- 40527.3 Clinical profile 2: NPD + BPD (the “volatile and manipulative” profile)
- 40627.4 Clinical profile 3: NPD + PPD (the “enemy of humankind” profile)
- 40727.5 Comorbidities with Axis I disorders: alcohol, depression, bipolar disorder
- 40827.6 Impact of comorbidities on coercive control and therapy: synthesis
- 40927.7 Toward a dimensional nosography: limits of categories
- 410Bibliography for Chapter 27
- 411Introduction: why love can become a trap
- 4121.1 The Attachment and Loss trilogy: theoretical architecture
- 4131.2 The four attachment styles
- 4141.3 The Adult Attachment Interview and transgenerational continuity
- 4151.4 Earned security: security acquired through therapy
- 416Chapter conclusion
- 417Introduction: the past as matrix of the present
- 4182.1 The ACE Study: the epidemiological demonstration
- 4192.2 Forms of early adversity relevant to coercive control
- 4202.3 Repetition compulsion: between Freud and neuroscience
- 4212.4 Developmental trauma and its sequelae
- 422Chapter conclusion
- 423Introduction: the crack in the foundation
- 4243.1 Self-esteem: architectures and measures
- 4253.2 Toxic shame according to Brown
- 4263.3 The inner critical voice according to Firestone
- 4273.4 Nathanson's compass of shame
- 4283.5 The shame–coercive control vicious circle
- 429Chapter conclusion
- 430Introduction: the gift that turns against you
- 4314.1 Measuring empathy: Davis's IRI
- 4324.2 The paradox of the empathic victim
- 4334.3 Compassion fatigue
- 4344.4 Protective empathy versus fusional empathy
- 435Chapter conclusion
- 436Introduction: when love is confused with need
- 4375.1 Beattie and the foundations of the concept
- 4385.2 Norwood and the passionate dimension
- 4395.3 Fear of abandonment as the central driver
- 4405.4 Distinguishing love from codependency
- 4415.5 Codependency and anxious attachment
- 4425.6 Ways out
- 443Chapter conclusion
- 444Introduction: flooding as a strategy
- 4456.1 The neurochemistry of the initial state of being in love
- 4466.2 Love bombing tactics
- 4476.3 Gratitude and emotional debt
- 4486.4 Absolute conviction and ignored warning signs
- 4496.5 Why love bombing also works on intelligent people
- 450Chapter conclusion
- 451Introduction: the turning point
- 4527.1 The first serious incident
- 4537.2 Cognitive dissonance as a survival mechanism
- 4547.3 The introjection of the manipulator's beliefs
- 4557.4 Gaslighting: the distortion of reality
- 4567.5 The escalation of demands
- 457Chapter conclusion
- 458Introduction: paradoxical attachment
- 4598.1 Dutton and Painter's theory
- 4608.2 Intermittent reinforcement: Skinner's lesson
- 4618.3 The neurochemistry of trauma bonding
- 4628.4 Walker's cycle of violence
- 4638.5 “Just leave”: why it is impossible
- 464Chapter conclusion
- 465Introduction: separation as a second trauma
- 4669.1 Forms of separation
- 4679.2 Post-separation hoovering
- 4689.3 Post-separation games
- 4699.4 No contact: clinical justification and practical application
- 4709.5 Grieving the relationship and the illusion
- 471Chapter conclusion
- 472Introduction: moving beyond the metaphor of the cycle
- 47310.1 Johnson: two forms of intimate partner violence
- 47410.2 Stark: violence as deprivation of liberty
- 47510.3 Psychological violence alone
- 47610.4 French epidemiological data
- 47710.5 Escalation over time
- 47810.6 Psychological violence and developments in French law
- 479Conclusion of the chapter and of the volume
- 480Author's note
- 4811.1 Introduction: why it “works” at the beginning
- 4822.1 Introduction: when separation does not end coercive control
- 4833.1 Introduction: the family as a system
- 4844.1 Introduction: defining intimate partner violence
- 4855.1 Introduction: the seducer in the boardroom
- 4866.1 Introduction: beyond narcissism, the dark sphere
- 4877.1 Introduction: a phenomenon at the intersection of law and psychology
- 4888.1 Introduction: when the organisation becomes the abuser
- 4899.1 Introduction: the question of the link between pathological personalities and economic crises
- 49010.1 Introduction: the appeal of the grandiose in politics
- 49111.1 Introduction: democracy confronted with its flaws
- 49212.1 Introduction: can we speak of a narcissistic culture?
- 49313.1 Introduction: the digital sphere as a narcissistic stage
- 49414.1 Introduction: The cult as institutionalized coercive control
- 49515.1 Introduction: crossing levels of analysis
- 496General bibliography of Volume IV
- 497General introduction
- 498Introduction to Part 1
- 499I. Introduction: why CBT in the aftermath of a narcissistic relationship
- 500II. Beck's cognitive model applied to victims
- 501III. Cognitive restructuring
- 502IV. Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT)
- 503V. Prolonged exposure therapy (PE)
- 504VI. Assertiveness and relational skills
- 505VII. CBT and the management of complex traumatic grief
- 506I. Introduction: beyond the symptom, the matrix of vulnerabilities
- 507II. The eighteen early maladaptive schemas
- 508III. Schema Modes
- 509IV. Therapeutic Techniques
- 510V. Treating the Overcompensator's Defensive Modes
- 511VI. Outcome Assessment in Schema Therapy
- 512I. Introduction: Accepting in Order to Act Better
- 513II. The Hexaflex: the six core processes
- 514III. The ACT matrix and its application to victims of narcissistic abusers
- 515IV. ACT and psychological flexibility as an antidote to coercive control
- 516V. Brief-format and group ACT protocols
- 517Additional note — ACT in a cross-cultural context
- 518I. Introduction and historical context
- 519II. The AIP model (Adaptive Information Processing)
- 520III. The standard eight-phase protocol
- 521IV. Adaptation to complex trauma and to victims of narcissistic abusers
- 522V. EMDR and the body's implicit memories
- 523VI. Efficacy data
- 524I. Introduction: the multidimensionality of the inner self
- 525II. Mapping the parts
- 526III. The therapeutic process: “unblending” and access to the Self
- 527IV. Relevance of IFS in the aftermath of a relationship with a narcissistic abuser
- 528V. The eight Cs of the Self and their therapeutic value
- 529VI. Supervision and the limits of IFS work
- 530I. Introduction: when the body remembers
- 531II. Peter Levine's Somatic Experiencing
- 532III. Pat Ogden's sensorimotor approach
- 533IV. Body work with victims of narcissistic abusers
- 534V. Yoga and movement as therapeutic adjuncts
- 535I. Introduction: toward an integrative therapeutics
- 536II. EMDR–schema therapy integration
- 537III. The IFS-EMDR articulation
- 538IV. The STAIR Narrative Therapy protocol
- 539V. Phased therapy: a structuring principle
- 540VI. Mentalization as a cross-cutting skill
- 541I. Introduction: returning to oneself
- 542II. Mindfulness
- 543III. Kristin Neff's self-compassion
- 544I. Introduction: who am I without him/her?
- 545II. Narrative therapy (White & Epston, 1990)
- 546III. Values Clarification in ACT
- 547IV. Post-Traumatic Growth (PTG)
- 548V. Identity Reconstruction in Post-Separation Co-Parenting Relationships
- 549VI. Integrating Spirituality into Identity Reconstruction
- 550VII. The Stages of Narrative Reconstruction: A Clinical Guide
- 551Introduction to Part 2
- 552I. Introduction: A Demanding Patient, Real Pitfalls
- 553II. Clinical Presentation and Reasons for Consultation
- 554III. Prognostic indicators
- 555IV. Specific features of the therapeutic frame
- 556V. Ethics and limits of work with the narcissistic subject
- 557I. Introduction: the therapeutic relationship as a field of analysis
- 558II. Narcissistic transference according to Heinz Kohut
- 559III. Countertransference: recognizing one's own reactions
- 560IV. Supervision as an ethical requirement
- 561V. The Balint group: learning from collective countertransference
- 562I. Introduction: Dialectics as a Pathway to Change
- 563II. The Biosocial Model and Its Application to NPD
- 564III. The Four DBT Skills Modules
- 565I. Introduction: The Dimension of Meaning in Recovery
- 566II. Carl Rogers and the Fundamental Therapeutic Triad
- 567III. Viktor Frankl and Logotherapy
- 568IV. Irvin Yalom and the Four Existential Givens
- 569V. The person-centered approach and the validation of the narcissistic subject's subjective experience
- 570VI. Logotherapy and the question of responsibility
- 571Introduction to Part 3
- 572I. Introduction: preventing at the source
- 573II. Marc Brackett's RULER program
- 574III. Social-emotional education programs in France
- 575IV. Early parenting support
- 576V. Education in healthy relationships within the school curriculum
- 577I. Introduction: educating the gaze
- 578II. Early warning signals (red flags)
- 579III. Signals of a healthy relationship (green flags)
- 580IV. Intuition and Gendlin's focusing
- 581V. Recognising warning signals specific to different relational contexts
- 582I. Introduction: rebounding without erasing
- 583II. Boris Cyrulnik and Resilience as a Narrative Process
- 584III. George Bonanno and the Four Post-Traumatic Trajectories
- 585IV. Resilience Factors
- 586V. Tedeschi, Calhoun and Post-Traumatic Growth
- 587VI. The Role of Creativity in Resilience
- 588I. Introduction: Emerging from Imposed Isolation
- 589II. The Protective Role of Social Support — the Brewin Meta-Analysis (2000)
- 590III. The Forms of Social Support
- 591IV. Peer Support Groups
- 592V. Romantic relationships after coercive control
- 593V. Online support groups: opportunities and limits
- 594Supplementary note — Social media as a double-edged sword in recovery
- 595I. Introduction: the path is manifold, healing is real
- 596II. Which type of therapy for which profile?
- 597III. The therapeutic relationship: the irreplaceable
- 598IV. The Stages of the Path — A Synthesis
- 599V. A Message of Hope
- 600VI. Emerging Data: Toward Precision Medicine in Psychotraumatology
- 601VII. Which Therapist to Choose? Practical Guidance
- 602VII. The Question of Medication
- 603What Science Says About Healing
- 604What Victims Themselves Report
- 605The responsibility of the clinical field
- 606A.2 Resources for professionals
- 607A.3 Annotated bibliography for further reading
- 608Note on use
- 609ACT (ACCEPTANCE AND COMMITMENT THERAPY)
- 610CALLOUS/COLD AFFECT (CALLOUS-UNEMOTIONAL TRAITS)
- 611NARCISSISTIC AGGRESSION
- 612RELATIONAL AGGRESSION (indirect aggression)
- 613PARENTAL ALIENATION
- 614SELF-LOVE vs AMOUR-PROPRE (ROUSSEAU)
- 615ANACLITIC (— DEPRESSION)
- 616POST-COERCIVE-CONTROL ANHEDONIA
- 617ATTACHMENT (THEORY OF) — BOWLBY
- 618ANXIOUS ATTACHMENT
- 619DISORGANIZED ATTACHMENT
- 620AVOIDANT ATTACHMENT
- 621SELF-BLAME (IN COERCIVE CONTROL)
- 622SELF-COMPASSION (KRISTIN NEFF)
- 623BATESON (DOUBLE BIND)
- 624BEATTIE (MELODY) — CODEPENDENCY
- 625BECK (AARON T.) — CBT
- 626BIG FIVE (FIVE-FACTOR MODEL)
- 627BORDERLINE (— PERSONALITY DISORDER) vs NPD
- 628BOWLBY (JOHN) — BIOGRAPHY AND WORK
- 629BROWN (BRENÉ) — SHAME AND VULNERABILITY
- 630CALLOUS-UNEMOTIONAL TRAITS
- 631SMEAR CAMPAIGN
- 632CARPET BOMBING
- 633CHARM (OF THE ABUSER)
- 634SPLITTING (DEFENCE MECHANISM)
- 635CODEPENDENCY
- 636COMPASSION FATIGUE
- 637REPETITION COMPULSION (FREUD)
- 638COUNTERTRANSFERENCE (WITH AN NPD PATIENT)
- 639COERCIVE CONTROL (Coercive Control — Evan Stark)
- 640GUILT INDUCTION (INDUCTION OF GUILT)
- 641CYCLE OF VIOLENCE (LENORE WALKER, 1979)
- 642DARK TETRAD
- 643DARK TRIAD
- 644DARVO (Deny, Attack, Reverse Victim and Offender — Freyd)
- 645THE DARK DECADE (concept original to this encyclopedia)
- 646NARCISSISTIC DEFENSES (splitting, denial, idealization/devaluation, projection)
- 647DENIAL (defense mechanism)
- 648REALITY DENIAL (gaslight)
- 649DEPERSONALIZATION
- 650DEREALIZATION
- 651DEHUMANIZATION (infrahumanization — Haslam)
- 652DEVALUATION (in the idealization/devaluation cycle)
- 653DISSOCIATION (dissociative continuum)
- 654COGNITIVE DISSONANCE (Festinger, 1957 — application to coercive control)
- 655DOUBLE BIND (Bateson et al., 1956)
- 656DSM-5 (Narcissistic Personality Disorder — criteria A–D)
- 657EARNED SECURITY (acquired attachment security)
- 658SELF-ERASURE (in coercive control)
- 659ELLIS (Havelock) — first clinical use of narcissism
- 660EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing)
- 661EMPATHY (deficit in — in the NPD subject)
- 662COGNITIVE EMPATHY vs AFFECTIVE EMPATHY
- 663COERCIVE CONTROL (clinical and legal definition)
- 664BLACK ENNEAD (theoretical concept)
- 665EPIGENETICS AND DARK TRAITS
- 666DANGEROUSNESS ASSESSMENT (Danger Assessment — Campbell)
- 667FALSE SELF (Winnicott)
- 668FEMICIDES (epidemiological data)
- 669FERENCZI (Sandor) — confusion of tongues
- 670FESTINGER
- 671FLYING MONKEYS (abuse by proxy)
- 672FOLIE À DEUX (induced madness)
- 673FRANKL (Viktor) — logotherapy
- 674FREEZE (freeze response)
- 675FREUD (Sigmund) — narcissism (1914)
- 676FREYD (Jennifer) — DARVO and institutional betrayal
- 677FRICK & WHITE — callous-unemotional traits
- 678GASLIGHTING (Robin Stern, 2007)
- 679GOLDEN CHILD (the favored child in the narcissistic family)
- 680GRANDIOSITY
- 681GREEN (André) — the dead mother
- 682GREY ROCK METHOD
- 683HARE (Robert D.) — psychopathy and the PCL-R
- 684HASLAM (Nick) — dehumanization and infrahumanization
- 685HERMAN (Judith) — Trauma and Recovery, C-PTSD
- 686DARK HEXAD
- 687HIRIGOYEN (Marie-France) — Le Harcèlement moral (1998)
- 688TOXIC SHAME
- 689HOOVERING (post-separation suction)
- 690HPA (— axis) and trauma
- 691HYPERVIGILANCE
- 692IDEALIZATION (defence mechanism + relational phase)
- 693IDENTIFICATION WITH THE AGGRESSOR (Anna Freud, Ferenczi)
- 694IFS (Internal Family Systems — Richard Schwartz)
- 695SOMATIC IMPACT OF TRAUMA
- 696ISOLATION (defense mechanism)
- 697ISOLATION (control strategy)
- 698IWM (Internal Working Models)
- 699JANET (Pierre) — dissociation (1889)
- 700JOHNSON (Michael) — situational violence vs. coercive control
- 701KABAT-ZINN (Jon) — MBSR
- 702KERNBERG (Otto) — malignant narcissism, borderline organization
- 703KLEIN (Melanie) — positions, primary envy
- 704KOHUT (Heinz) — self psychology, narcissistic injury
- 705LACAN (Jacques) — mirror stage
- 706LASCH (Christopher) — Culture of Narcissism (1979)
- 707LEVINE (Peter) — Somatic Experiencing
- 708LEYMANN (Heinz) — mobbing
- 709LINEHAN (Marsha) — DBT
- 710LOVE BOMBING (etymology carpet bombing, Moonies 1970s, Margaret Singer)
- 711LOYALTIES (conflicts of — in the narcissistic family)
- 712MACHIAVELLIANISM (Christie & Geis, 1970)
- 713ELDER ABUSE
- 714SPITEFULNESS (Marcus et al., 2014)
- 715DEFENSE MECHANISMS — synthetic table
- 716MIRROR (function of — in the narcissistic relationship)
- 717MIRRORING (the manipulator's active mirroring in the seduction phase)
- 718MODES (schema therapy — Young)
- 719NARCISSISM (differential definition: normal trait / subclinical / NPD)
- 720NARCISSISM AND GENDER (gendered expression of —)
- 721NARCISSISM AND INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE (synthesis)
- 722MALIGNANT NARCISSISM (Kernberg)
- 723PRIMARY / SECONDARY NARCISSISM (Freud, 1914)
- 724HEALTHY NARCISSISM (vs pathological)
- 725NATHANSON (Donald) — compass of shame
- 726NO CONTACT
- 727NORWOOD (Robin) — Women Who Love Too Much
- 728NPD (Narcissistic Personality Disorder) — DSM-5 and ICD-11
- 729PART OBJECT / WHOLE OBJECT (Klein)
- 730DARK OCTAD
- 731OMNIPOTENCE (narcissistic defense)
- 732PERSONALITY ORGANIZATION (Kernberg: neurotic / borderline / psychotic)
- 733NARCISSISTIC PARENTING
- 734PAULHUS & WILLIAMS (2002) — Dark Triad
- 735PCL-R (Psychopathy Checklist-Revised — Hare)
- 736DICHOTOMOUS THINKING (all-or-nothing)
- 737DARK PENTAD
- 738FEAR OF ABANDONMENT
- 739PROJECTION (defense mechanism)
- 740IDENTIFICATORY PROJECTION (projective identification — Klein)
- 741PSYCHOPATHY (subclinical vs clinical)
- 742CORPORATE PSYCHOPATHY (Boddy)
- 743PSYCHOTICISM (Eysenck)
- 744RACAMIER (Paul-Claude) — narcissistic perversion (1986)
- 745NARCISSISTIC RAGE (Kohut)
- 746RED FLAGS (relational warning signals)
- 747LIMITED REPARENTING (schema therapy)
- 748RESILIENCE (Cyrulnik, Bonanno, Tedeschi)
- 749REALITY REVERSAL
- 750ROGERS (Carl) — empathy, congruence, positive regard
- 751ROUSSEAU — self-love vs amour-propre
- 752EVERYDAY SADISM (everyday sadism — Buckels et al., 2013)
- 753EARLY MALADAPTIVE SCHEMAS (Young — the 18 EMS)
- 754SELF (IFS — Schwartz)
- 755SELF (psychology of the — Kohut) vs EGO (Freud)
- 756SILENT TREATMENT (punishment through silence)
- 757SINGER (Margaret) — cults and love bombing
- 758MIRROR STAGE (Lacan)
- 759STARK (Evan) — Coercive Control
- 760STOCKHOLM SYNDROME
- 761AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND TRAUMA
- 762DARK TETRAD (Buckels et al., 2013)
- 763TRANSFERENCE (in therapy, specificities with NPD)
- 764TRAUMA BONDING (Dutton & Painter, 1993)
- 765DARK TRIAD (Paulhus & Williams, 2002)
- 766TRIANGULATION (manipulation mechanism)
- 767PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) — DSM-5
- 768C-PTSD (Complex Trauma) — Herman (1992), ICD-11
- 769TWENGE (Jean) — the narcissistic generation
- 770VAN DER HART (Onno) — structural dissociation
- 771VAN DER KOLK (Bessel) — The Body Keeps the Score
- 772INTERPERSONAL VICTIMHOOD (tendency for — TIV)
- 773INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE (definition and types)
- 774PSYCHOLOGICAL VIOLENCE (definition, data)
- 775VIRAGE (survey —, INED 2016)
- 776CONTEMPORARY POPULARIZATION OF NARCISSISM (Durvasula, Malkin, and the YouTube turn)
- 777WALKER (Lenore) — cycle of violence (1979)
- 778WATZLAWICK (Paul) — paradoxical communication
- 779WEBSTER (Daniel J.) — spitefulness
- 780WINNICOTT (Donald W.) — false self, good enough mother
- 781YALOM (Irvin) — existential psychotherapy
- 782YOUNG (Jeffrey E.) — see EARLY MALADAPTIVE SCHEMAS
- 783In the Same Collection


