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21

Encyclopedia of the Narcissistic Abuser

From the Dyad to the Dark Decade — the reference work in six volumes

By Gildas Garrec · 1258 pages · 2026

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About this book

L'ouvrage de référence en six tomes sur la perversion narcissique : fondements historiques et théoriques, psychologie du manipulateur, la victime et l'emprise, sociologie et contextes, thérapie et reconstruction, et un dictionnaire encyclopédique de 174 entrées. 1 258 pages, plus de 1 100 références vérifiées une à une.

There is no shortage of books on narcissistic abuse. What did not exist was a single work bringing together what psychoanalysis, empirical psychology, sociology and clinical practice actually say about it — including where they disagree and where the evidence runs thin. This six-volume encyclopedia does exactly that: the genealogy of the concept from the myth of Narcissus to the DSM-5, the personality structure and mechanisms of the manipulator, the victim's vulnerabilities and the phases of coercive control, the sociology of abuse across family, workplace, politics and cults, the therapeutic approaches with their actual level of validation, and a 174-entry dictionary. 1 258 pages, every figure sourced and every source verified.

pervers narcissiqueencyclopedie psychologienarcissisme pathologiqueemprise psychologiquetriade noirepsychologie cliniqueouvrage de reference

Table of contents

  1. 1Table of contents
  2. 2Introduction: why begin with a myth?
  3. 31.1 Ovid: the canonical narrative of the *Metamorphoses*
  4. 41.2 Pausanias: the rationalized version
  5. 51.3 Symbolic analysis: the spring, the reflection, the impossible relation
  6. 61.4 Iconographic receptions: from Caravaggio to Dalí
  7. 7Chapter conclusion
  8. 8Introduction: the concept before the word
  9. 92.1 Plotinus: the soul held captive by the sensible
  10. 102.2 Rousseau: self-love and amour-propre
  11. 112.3 Hegel: the master–slave dialectic
  12. 122.4 Nietzsche: will to power and grandiosity
  13. 132.5 Honneth: recognition and identity injury
  14. 14Chapter conclusion
  15. 15Introduction: how a myth becomes a diagnosis
  16. 163.1 The Birth of Modern Psychiatry: Pinel and Esquirol
  17. 173.2 Morel and Degeneration: The Invention of the “Perversions”
  18. 183.3 The Clinical Baptisms: Ellis (1898) and Näcke (1899)
  19. 193.4 The Viennese Context: Charcot, Breuer, Freud
  20. 20Chapter Conclusion
  21. 21Freud · Klein · Winnicott · Kernberg
  22. 224.1 Introduction: why begin with Freud?
  23. 234.2 The 1914 context: a theoretical turning point under strain
  24. 244.3 *On Narcissism: An Introduction* (1914): architecture of the text
  25. 254.4 *The Uncanny* (1919): the narcissistic double
  26. 264.5 *Civilization and Its Discontents* (1930): the oceanic feeling
  27. 274.6 Limits of the Freudian model
  28. 284.7 Conclusion: what Freud bequeaths to the question of the narcissistic abuser
  29. 295.1 Introduction: the relational turn
  30. 305.2 The paranoid-schizoid position (roughly 0-4 months)
  31. 315.3 The depressive position (from 4-6 months onward)
  32. 325.4 Primary envy: *Envy and Gratitude* (1957)
  33. 335.5 Projective identification: the elementary mechanics of coercive control
  34. 345.6 Limits of the Kleinian model
  35. 355.7 Conclusion
  36. 366.1 Introduction: the environment enters the scene
  37. 376.2 The good enough mother: holding, handling, object presenting
  38. 386.3 The true self: spontaneity, creative gesture, sense of existing
  39. 396.4 The false self: the shell that protects by alienating
  40. 406.5 The grandiose as false self: link with the narcissistic personality
  41. 416.6 The transitional space: *Playing and Reality* (1971)
  42. 426.7 The capacity to be alone in the presence of the other
  43. 436.8 Therapeutic contributions: regression and environment
  44. 446.9 Conclusion
  45. 457.1 Introduction: The Great Structural Synthesis
  46. 467.2 The Three Personality Organizations
  47. 477.3 The Narcissistic Personality: The Pathological Grandiose Self
  48. 487.4 Malignant Narcissism: The Most Severe Form Short of Psychopathy
  49. 497.5 The Therapeutic Relationship: Confrontation, Transference, Countertransference
  50. 507.6 Major Contribution and Limitations
  51. 517.7 Chapter Conclusion and Transition
  52. 52Introduction: A Silent Revolution in American Psychoanalysis
  53. 53The break with the Freudian drive model: the Self as central structure
  54. 54Selfobject needs: mirroring, idealization, twinship
  55. 55The narcissistic injury: the failure of parental mirroring
  56. 56The grandiose-exhibitionistic self and the idealized parental imago
  57. 57Transformation: from archaic needs to maturity
  58. 58Empathy as the fundamental tool: vicarious introspection
  59. 59The Kohut–Kernberg controversy: empathy or confrontation
  60. 60Limits of the Kohutian model: the risk of validating grandiosity
  61. 61Chapter 8 bibliography
  62. 62Introduction: the theorist of emptiness
  63. 63The dead mother complex: impossible mourning
  64. 64Affective disinvestment and the hole in the psyche
  65. 65The psychic crypt and the necrosis of the ego
  66. 66The work of the negative: desymbolization and annihilation
  67. 67The phallic-narcissistic position: omnipotence against annihilation
  68. 68Death narcissism and the narcissistic personality: inner emptiness
  69. 69Analyzability and the clinical practice of borderline cases
  70. 70Bibliography for chapter 9
  71. 71Introduction: narcissism as structure, not as trait
  72. 72The mirror stage (1936/1949): the ego as identification with an image
  73. 73The imaginary register: rivalry, aggressiveness, capture
  74. 74The symbolic register: law, language, lack
  75. 75Desire as desire of the Other
  76. 76Foreclosure and psychosis: when the symbolic fails
  77. 77Jouissance: beyond the pleasure principle
  78. 78The subject caught in the imaginary of the Other: links with the clinical study of narcissism
  79. 79Critical contribution: Lacan against the psychologies of the Self
  80. 80Chapter 10 bibliography
  81. 81Introduction: the psychoanalyst who named the unnameable
  82. 8211.1 Racamier's biography and clinical context
  83. 8311.2 The creation of the term: the intellectual genesis of 1986
  84. 8411.3 Decorporation: the central mechanism
  85. 8511.4 The incestual and psychic incest
  86. 8611.5 The perverse relationship: a two-person dynamic
  87. 8711.6 Racamier and psychosis — a continuum?
  88. 8811.7 Clinical scope and limits of the Racamierian concept
  89. 89Chapter conclusion
  90. 90Introduction: when clinical work meets the general public
  91. 9112.1 Marie-France Hirigoyen: career and positioning
  92. 9212.2 *Le Harcèlement moral* (1998): content and contributions
  93. 9312.3 Perverse communication: a pragmatic analysis
  94. 9412.4 Hirigoyen's four stages of coercive control
  95. 95Clinical vignette 12.A — Anonymized and composite
  96. 9612.5 Extension to the couple and the family
  97. 9712.6 Legislative impact in France
  98. 9812.7 Academic and epistemological critiques
  99. 9912.8 Hirigoyen and Racamier: convergences and differences
  100. 100Chapter conclusion
  101. 101Introduction: two traditions, one and the same object
  102. 10213.1 Assessment of the psychoanalytic tradition (chapters 4 through 12)
  103. 10313.2 The epistemological dialogue: tensions and complementarities
  104. 10413.3 Cross-traditional convergences
  105. 10513.4 Persistent epistemological divergences
  106. 10613.5 Toward the Dark Triad: a conceptual bridge
  107. 10713.6 The bridge to Part 3: the Dark Triad as operational translation
  108. 10813.7 The Dark Decade as an integrative horizon
  109. 10913.8 What the clinician retains from this traversal
  110. 110Chapter Conclusion
  111. 11114.1. Two traditions, two ways of knowing
  112. 11214.2. Paulhus & Williams (2002): the birth certificate
  113. 11314.3. The three components
  114. 11414.4. What unites, what distinguishes
  115. 11514.5. Compact measurement instruments
  116. 11614.6. Prevalence in the general population
  117. 11714.7. The Dark Triad and gender
  118. 11814.8. Methodological critiques
  119. 119Chapter 14 bibliography
  120. 12015.1. Buckels, Jones & Paulhus (2013): the behavioral confirmation of sadism
  121. 12115.2. Everyday sadism
  122. 12215.3. Book et al. (2016) and the validation of the Tetrad
  123. 12315.4. Triad or Tetrad? The debate
  124. 124The theoretical extensions: from the Pentad to the Decad
  125. 12515.5. The Dark Pentad: pure malevolence (*spitefulness*)
  126. 12615.6. The Dark Hexad: Eysenck's psychoticism
  127. 12715.7. The Dark Heptad: callous/cold affect
  128. 12815.8. The Dark Octad: paranoid ideation
  129. 12915.9. The Black Ennead: systematic coercive control behavior (original proposal)
  130. 13015.10. The Dark Decade: the dehumanization of others
  131. 13115.11. Summary table of the Dark Decade
  132. 132Bibliography for chapter 15
  133. 13316.1. The Big Five model: the common language of normal personality
  134. 13416.2. Correlations of the Triad and the Tetrad with the Big Five
  135. 13516.3. HEXACO and the H factor: the keystone
  136. 13616.4. Major implication: a continuum, not a nature apart
  137. 137Bibliography for chapter 16
  138. 13817.1. Brain architecture and narcissism
  139. 13917.2. Neurochemistry
  140. 14017.3. Functional neuroimaging
  141. 14117.4. The nature/nurture debate remains open
  142. 142Bibliography for chapter 17
  143. 14318.1. Heritability: the lesson of twins
  144. 14418.2. Candidate genes: fragile findings
  145. 14518.3. Epigenetics: when the environment inscribes its mark
  146. 14618.4. The integrative model: nature + nurture + epigenetics
  147. 14718.5. Ethical implications: against reductionism
  148. 148Bibliography for chapter 18
  149. 14919.1. What the empirical approach has contributed
  150. 15019.2. Its limits in relation to psychoanalysis
  151. 15119.3. The construction site of extension: a program, not a dogma
  152. 15219.4. A call for interdisciplinarity
  153. 153Chapter 19 bibliography
  154. 15420.1 Introduction: why nosography matters
  155. 15520.2 History: from DSM-III (1980) to DSM-5 (2013)
  156. 15620.3 The diagnostic criteria for NPD (DSM-5, Section II)
  157. 15720.4 Epidemiology: prevalence and gender
  158. 15820.5 Section III: the alternative model of personality disorders (AMPD)
  159. 15920.6 Critique of the categorical model: comorbidity as a symptom
  160. 16020.7 Differential diagnosis
  161. 16120.8 Chapter conclusion
  162. 16221.1 The WHO and the other global nosography
  163. 16321.2 The ICD-11 model: severity, single qualifier, trait specifiers
  164. 16421.3 Where has narcissism gone?
  165. 16521.4 DSM-5 / ICD-11 comparison
  166. 16621.5 Clinical implications: does the dimensional approach change the diagnosis of narcissism?
  167. 16722.1 A preliminary observation: the term is not a diagnosis
  168. 16822.2 French genealogy of the term
  169. 16922.3 What the popular term contributes
  170. 17022.4 Drifts and problems of the popular concept
  171. 17122.5 What clinicians say
  172. 17222.6 Editorial proposal: a partition of usages
  173. 17322.7 Discussing it with patients: therapeutic issues
  174. 17423.1 Media coverage as amplifier
  175. 17523.2 Epistemic risks
  176. 17623.3 What science actually says
  177. 17723.4 Synthesis of Volume I: from Narcissus to the Dark Decad
  178. 17823.5 Chapter conclusion and opening onto Volume II
  179. 179Table of contents
  180. 1801.1 Introduction: Thinking About Personality in Structural Terms
  181. 1811.2 Neurotic Organization: The Structural Reference Point
  182. 1821.3 Psychotic Organization: Structural Disintegration
  183. 1831.4 Borderline Organization: The Intermediate Level and Its Paradoxes
  184. 1841.5 Pathological Narcissism as a Specific Borderline Organization
  185. 1851.6 Clinical and Therapeutic Implications
  186. 186Bibliographic References — Chapter 1
  187. 1872.1 Introduction: Two Theories for One and the Same Clinical Picture
  188. 1882.2 Kohut and Self Psychology: Developmental Trauma
  189. 1892.3 The secondary narcissistic wound: everyday triggers
  190. 1902.4 Kernberg's model: envy as first cause
  191. 1912.5 Clinical synthesis: Kernberg and Kohut as complementary lenses
  192. 1922.6 Manifestations of the grandiose Self in the coercive control relationship
  193. 193Bibliographical references — Chapter 2
  194. 1943.1 Introduction: defenses as the language of the structure
  195. 1953.2 Denial
  196. 1963.3 Splitting
  197. 1973.3bis Splitting induced in the victim
  198. 1983.4 Projection
  199. 1993.5 Projective identification
  200. 2003.6 Idealization and devaluation
  201. 2013.7 Synoptic table: defenses and manifestations in the coercive control relationship
  202. 202Bibliographic references — Chapter 3
  203. 2034.1 Introduction: shame, the central emotion of narcissistic psychopathology
  204. 2044.2 Nathanson (1992) and the psychology of shame
  205. 2054.3 The NPD subject and the predominance of attacking the other
  206. 2064.4 Shame as the energy structuring manipulation
  207. 2074.5 Shame in the victim: shame transfer
  208. 208References — Chapter 4
  209. 2095.1 Introduction: defining love bombing
  210. 2105.2 Etymology and historical context
  211. 2115.3 Deliberate strategy or compulsion: the empirical debate
  212. 2125.4 The neurochemistry of intensive seduction
  213. 2135.5 Active mirroring: merging into the other's desire
  214. 2145.6 Recognizing love bombing: warning signs
  215. 215References — Chapter 5
  216. 2166.1 Introduction: when reality becomes contested ground
  217. 2176.2 Origin of the term: George Cukor's film (1944)
  218. 2186.3 Robin Stern (2007): The Gaslight Effect
  219. 2196.4 Stern's three stages of gaslighting
  220. 2206.5 Gaslighting techniques
  221. 2216.6 Cognitive and neurobiological effects of gaslighting
  222. 222Bibliographic references — Chapter 6
  223. 2237.1 Introduction: the triangle as a relational structure
  224. 2247.2 Bowen (1978): the theory of triangles
  225. 2257.3 Triangulation in the NPD relationship: instrumentalized jealousy
  226. 2267.4 The psychological effects of triangulation on the victim
  227. 227Bibliographic references — Chapter 7
  228. 2288.1 Introduction: silence as a weapon
  229. 2298.2 Punishment by silence as symbolic death
  230. 2308.3 The neurobiological impact of social ostracism
  231. 2318.4 The phases of the silent treatment in narcissistic dynamics
  232. 2328.5 Silent treatment versus the need for time alone: a clinical distinction
  233. 233Bibliographic references — Chapter 8
  234. 2349.1 Introduction: the inversion of relational reality
  235. 2359.2 Projection: attributing one's own traits to the other
  236. 2369.3 Reversal: turning the victim into the perpetrator
  237. 2379.4 The effects of reversal on the victim
  238. 2389.5 Therapeutic implications: restoring reality
  239. 2399.6 Collective reversal: narrative victimization on social media
  240. 2409.7 Synthesis: the ecology of narcissistic manipulation
  241. 241Bibliographical references — Chapter 9
  242. 242Introduction
  243. 24310.1 Theoretical genesis: Freyd (1997) and institutional betrayal
  244. 24410.2 The three-stage mechanism
  245. 24510.3 Harsey, Zurbriggen, and Freyd (2017): DARVO and Victim Self-Blame
  246. 24610.4 Effects on the Victim: Confusion, Self-Blame, and Withdrawal of the Complaint
  247. 24710.5 DARVO and Betrayal Trauma: The Mechanisms of Functional Amnesia
  248. 24810.6 Therapeutic Implications in CBT
  249. 24910.7 DARVO in Institutional and Professional Contexts
  250. 25010.8 DARVO and Digital Culture
  251. 25110.9 Cross-Cultural Dimensions of DARVO
  252. 25210.10 Detailed Clinical Vignette
  253. 253Bibliography for Chapter 10
  254. 254Introduction
  255. 25511.1 Social control as an architecture of domination
  256. 25611.2 Isolation techniques: a methodical progression
  257. 25711.3 Isolation as a necessary condition for total coercive control
  258. 25811.4 Longitudinal data: the temporality of isolation
  259. 25911.5 Early clinical indicators
  260. 26011.6 Therapeutic implications
  261. 26111.7 Isolation and identity alteration
  262. 26211.8 Digital isolation: new forms of social control
  263. 26311.9 Isolation and Stockholm syndrome
  264. 26411.10 Resilience factors against isolation
  265. 265Chapter 11 bibliography
  266. 266Introduction
  267. 26712.1 Economic exploitation: mechanisms and forms
  268. 26812.2 Emotional debt: psychological exploitation
  269. 26912.3 Exploitation as a structural condition of the relationship
  270. 27012.4 Psychological consequences of exploitation: a complex clinical picture
  271. 27112.5 Psychological exploitation and operant conditioning
  272. 27212.6 The cycle of coerced debt: a long-term economic anchoring mechanism
  273. 27312.7 The continuum of exploitation: from mild to severe forms
  274. 27412.8 Clinical assessment instruments
  275. 275Bibliography for chapter 12
  276. 276Introduction
  277. 27713.1 The narcissistic continuum
  278. 27813.2 The NPI (Narcissistic Personality Inventory, Raskin & Terry, 1988)
  279. 27913.3 Measuring subclinical narcissism: beyond the NPI
  280. 28013.4 Why the majority of popularly labeled “narcissistic abusers” do not meet NPD criteria
  281. 28113.5 Grandiose self-display on social networks: subclinical narcissism and the digital space
  282. 28213.6 Narcissism in the Dark Tetrad: need for validation and narcissistic injury
  283. 28313.7 The DSM-5 alternative model: a dimensional approach
  284. 28413.8 NPD in therapy: resistances and levers
  285. 28513.9 Narcissism, shame, and intimate partner violence
  286. 286Chapter 13 Bibliography
  287. 287Introduction
  288. 28814.1 Machiavelli (1513): the intellectual genesis of a psychology of power
  289. 28914.2 Christie and Geis (1970): psychometric operationalization
  290. 29014.3 Cross-cultural validity of the Mach-IV
  291. 29114.4 Subclinical Machiavellianism: strategy, moral pragmatism, and cold manipulation
  292. 29214.5 Differences from narcissism and psychopathy
  293. 29314.6 Machiavellianism and sexuality
  294. 29414.7 Machiavellianism and cognitive empathy: the paradox of instrumental understanding
  295. 29514.8 Machiavellianism and the organizational world
  296. 29614.9 Genesis of Machiavellianism: developmental perspectives
  297. 29714.10 Clinical vignette: the Machiavellian in the couple relationship
  298. 298Bibliography for chapter 14
  299. 299Introduction
  300. 30015.1 Hare (1991): the PCL-R and the operational definition
  301. 30115.2 Primary and secondary psychopathy
  302. 30215.3 The psychopath's charm as a tool of manipulation
  303. 30315.4 Prevalence data
  304. 30415.5 Psychopathy and intimate partner violence
  305. 30515.6 Psychopathy and moral cognition: from neuroscience to clinical practice
  306. 30615.7 Female psychopathy: a differential portrait
  307. 30715.8 Critique of the PCL-R and limits of the model
  308. 30815.9 Clinical vignette: the subclinical psychopath in an intimate relationship
  309. 309Bibliography for Chapter 15
  310. 310Introduction
  311. 31116.1 Buckels, Trapnell and Paulhus (2013): establishing everyday sadism
  312. 31216.2 Sadism as the fourth component of the Dark Tetrad
  313. 31316.3 Manifestations in relationships: humiliation, relish and cruel games
  314. 31416.4 Neurobiology of sadism
  315. 31516.5 Therapeutic implications
  316. 31616.6 Sadism and escalation in abusive relationships
  317. 31716.7 Sadism and power: the institutional dimension
  318. 31816.8 Online sadism: trolling as a natural laboratory
  319. 31916.9 Therapeutic approaches in the presence of sadistic traits
  320. 320Chapter 16 bibliography
  321. 321Introduction
  322. 32217.1 Marcus et al. (2014): definition and measurement of the Spitefulness Scale
  323. 32317.2 Conceptual distinctions: spite, sadism and aggression
  324. 32417.3 Manifestations of spite in abusive relationships
  325. 32517.4 Empirical correlates of spite
  326. 32617.5 Therapeutic implications
  327. 32717.6 Spite in separation contexts: systematic destruction
  328. 32817.7 Evolutionary origins of spite
  329. 32917.8 Spite and game theory
  330. 33017.9 Spite, attachment, and developmental trajectories
  331. 331Bibliography for Chapter 17
  332. 332Introduction
  333. 33318.1 Eysenck (1952, 1975): the three-dimensional model of personality
  334. 33418.2 Neurobiology of psychoticism
  335. 33518.3 Jones and Neria (2015): psychoticism and the Dark Decade
  336. 33618.4 Manifestations in the abusive relationship
  337. 33718.5 Psychoticism, creativity and atypical thinking
  338. 33818.6 Integration within the framework of the Dark Tetrad and the Dark Decade
  339. 33918.7 Therapeutic implications
  340. 34018.8 Psychoticism and caregiving relationships: professionals high on the P dimension
  341. 34118.9 Psychoticism and creativity: the other side of the dark trait
  342. 34218.10 Measuring psychoticism: instrumental developments
  343. 34318.11 Clinical vignette: psychoticism and escalation within the relationship
  344. 34418.12 Final integration: the Dark Decade as a spectrum
  345. 345Chapter 18 bibliography
  346. 346Manipulation as a multidimensional space
  347. 347Cross-cutting mechanisms
  348. 348Articulation with the Dark Decade framework
  349. 349The importance of clinical training
  350. 350Prospects for the following chapters
  351. 351Introduction: beyond the lack of empathy
  352. 35219.1 The construction of CU traits: Frick, White, and the pediatric legacy
  353. 35319.2 The adult counterpart: callous affect in Hare's PCL-R
  354. 35419.3 Indifference to the suffering of others: conceptual distinction
  355. 35519.4 Callous affect and coercive control: the mechanism of progressive desensitization
  356. 35619.5 Measurement and levels of evidence
  357. 357Bibliography for Chapter 19
  358. 358Introduction: mistrust erected into a system
  359. 35920.1 The Paranoia Checklist by Freeman et al. (2005)
  360. 36020.2 Pathological mistrust and systematic suspicion in NPD
  361. 36120.3 Persecutory interpretation of the victim's behaviors
  362. 36220.4 How paranoia reinforces coercive control: surveillance, accusations, preventive control
  363. 36320.5 Paranoid ideation and the Dark Decade: theoretical articulation
  364. 364Bibliography for Chapter 20
  365. 365Introduction: From Accumulation to Organization
  366. 36621.1 Coercive Control: Definitions and Conceptual Debates
  367. 36721.2 From Trait to System: Why the Ennead Exceeds the Sum of Its Parts
  368. 36821.3 Available Empirical Data
  369. 36921.4 Theoretical Status and Limits of the Concept
  370. 37021.5 The Black Ennead and Clinical Practice
  371. 371Bibliography for Chapter 21
  372. 372Introduction: At the End of the System
  373. 37322.1 Infrahumanization: Haslam (2006)
  374. 37422.2 Secondary Emotions and Infrahumanization: Leyens et al. (2007)
  375. 37522.3 Dehumanization in Interpersonal Coercive Control: Animalization and Robotization
  376. 37622.4 The role of dehumanization in the escalation of violence
  377. 37722.5 How dehumanization allows the manipulator to override his own inhibitions
  378. 37822.6 The complete Dark Decad: synthesis
  379. 379Bibliography for Chapter 22
  380. 380Introduction: two neighboring disorders, two distinct logics
  381. 38123.1 Shared criteria: the common ground
  382. 38223.2 Fundamental differences: admiration vs gain
  383. 38323.3 Frequent comorbidity: the NPD-ASPD profile
  384. 38423.4 Clinical differential diagnosis
  385. 385Bibliography for Chapter 23
  386. 386Introduction: attention as a shared need, as a different end
  387. 38724.1 Common features: attention, seduction, and superficial relationships
  388. 38824.2 Fundamental differences: affection vs admiration
  389. 38924.3 Emotionality vs calculating coldness
  390. 39024.4 The histrionic subject in a relationship with an NPD subject: a double trap
  391. 391Bibliography for chapter 24
  392. 392Introduction: misleading resemblances, different structures
  393. 39325.1 Misleading resemblances
  394. 39425.2 Structural differences
  395. 39525.3 Risk of over-diagnosis of NPD in trauma-victim borderline patients
  396. 396Bibliography for chapter 25
  397. 397Introduction: shared mistrust, opposing logics
  398. 39826.1 Shared mistrust: a surface similarity
  399. 39926.2 Different motivation: criticism vs threat
  400. 40026.3 Differences in the therapeutic relationship
  401. 40126.4 Predominant defense mechanisms
  402. 40226.5 NPD–PPD comorbidity
  403. 403Bibliography for Chapter 26
  404. 404Introduction: toward a clinical practice of complexity
  405. 40527.1 Prevalence data on NPD comorbidities
  406. 40627.2 Clinical profile 1: NPD + ASPD (the “severe exploiter” profile)
  407. 40727.3 Clinical profile 2: NPD + BPD (the “volatile and manipulative” profile)
  408. 40827.4 Clinical profile 3: NPD + PPD (the “enemy of humankind” profile)
  409. 40927.5 Comorbidities with Axis I disorders: alcohol, depression, bipolar disorder
  410. 41027.6 Impact of comorbidities on coercive control and therapy: synthesis
  411. 41127.7 Toward a dimensional nosography: limits of categories
  412. 412Bibliography for Chapter 27
  413. 413Table of contents
  414. 414Introduction: why love can become a trap
  415. 4151.1 The Attachment and Loss trilogy: theoretical architecture
  416. 4161.2 The four attachment styles
  417. 4171.3 The Adult Attachment Interview and transgenerational continuity
  418. 4181.4 Earned security: security acquired through therapy
  419. 419Chapter conclusion
  420. 420Introduction: the past as matrix of the present
  421. 4212.1 The ACE Study: the epidemiological demonstration
  422. 4222.2 Forms of early adversity relevant to coercive control
  423. 4232.3 Repetition compulsion: between Freud and neuroscience
  424. 4242.4 Developmental trauma and its sequelae
  425. 425Chapter conclusion
  426. 426Introduction: the crack in the foundation
  427. 4273.1 Self-esteem: architectures and measures
  428. 4283.2 Toxic shame according to Brown
  429. 4293.3 The inner critical voice according to Firestone
  430. 4303.4 Nathanson's compass of shame
  431. 4313.5 The shame–coercive control vicious circle
  432. 432Chapter conclusion
  433. 433Introduction: the gift that turns against you
  434. 4344.1 Measuring empathy: Davis's IRI
  435. 4354.2 The paradox of the empathic victim
  436. 4364.3 Compassion fatigue
  437. 4374.4 Protective empathy versus fusional empathy
  438. 438Chapter conclusion
  439. 439Introduction: when love is confused with need
  440. 4405.1 Beattie and the foundations of the concept
  441. 4415.2 Norwood and the passionate dimension
  442. 4425.3 Fear of abandonment as the central driver
  443. 4435.4 Distinguishing love from codependency
  444. 4445.5 Codependency and anxious attachment
  445. 4455.6 Ways out
  446. 446Chapter conclusion
  447. 447Introduction: flooding as a strategy
  448. 4486.1 The neurochemistry of the initial state of being in love
  449. 4496.2 Love bombing tactics
  450. 4506.3 Gratitude and emotional debt
  451. 4516.4 Absolute conviction and ignored warning signs
  452. 4526.5 Why love bombing also works on intelligent people
  453. 453Chapter conclusion
  454. 454Introduction: the turning point
  455. 4557.1 The first serious incident
  456. 4567.2 Cognitive dissonance as a survival mechanism
  457. 4577.3 The introjection of the manipulator's beliefs
  458. 4587.4 Gaslighting: the distortion of reality
  459. 4597.5 The escalation of demands
  460. 460Chapter conclusion
  461. 461Introduction: paradoxical attachment
  462. 4628.1 Dutton and Painter's theory
  463. 4638.2 Intermittent reinforcement: Skinner's lesson
  464. 4648.3 The neurochemistry of trauma bonding
  465. 4658.4 Walker's cycle of violence
  466. 4668.5 “Just leave”: why it is impossible
  467. 467Chapter conclusion
  468. 468Introduction: separation as a second trauma
  469. 4699.1 Forms of separation
  470. 4709.2 Post-separation hoovering
  471. 4719.3 Post-separation games
  472. 4729.4 No contact: clinical justification and practical application
  473. 4739.5 Grieving the relationship and the illusion
  474. 474Chapter conclusion
  475. 475Introduction: moving beyond the metaphor of the cycle
  476. 47610.1 Johnson: two forms of intimate partner violence
  477. 47710.2 Stark: violence as deprivation of liberty
  478. 47810.3 Psychological violence alone
  479. 47910.4 French epidemiological data
  480. 48010.5 Escalation over time
  481. 48110.6 Psychological violence and developments in French law
  482. 482Conclusion of the chapter and of the volume
  483. 483Table of contents
  484. 484Author's note
  485. 4851.1 Introduction: why it “works” at the beginning
  486. 4862.1 Introduction: when separation does not end coercive control
  487. 4873.1 Introduction: the family as a system
  488. 4884.1 Introduction: defining intimate partner violence
  489. 4895.1 Introduction: the seducer in the boardroom
  490. 4906.1 Introduction: beyond narcissism, the dark sphere
  491. 4917.1 Introduction: a phenomenon at the intersection of law and psychology
  492. 4928.1 Introduction: when the organisation becomes the abuser
  493. 4939.1 Introduction: the question of the link between pathological personalities and economic crises
  494. 49410.1 Introduction: the appeal of the grandiose in politics
  495. 49511.1 Introduction: democracy confronted with its flaws
  496. 49612.1 Introduction: can we speak of a narcissistic culture?
  497. 49713.1 Introduction: the digital sphere as a narcissistic stage
  498. 49814.1 Introduction: The cult as institutionalized coercive control
  499. 49915.1 Introduction: crossing levels of analysis
  500. 500General bibliography of Volume IV
  501. 501Table of contents
  502. 502General introduction
  503. 503Introduction to Part 1
  504. 504I. Introduction: why CBT in the aftermath of a narcissistic relationship
  505. 505II. Beck's cognitive model applied to victims
  506. 506III. Cognitive restructuring
  507. 507IV. Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT)
  508. 508V. Prolonged exposure therapy (PE)
  509. 509VI. Assertiveness and relational skills
  510. 510VII. CBT and the management of complex traumatic grief
  511. 511I. Introduction: beyond the symptom, the matrix of vulnerabilities
  512. 512II. The eighteen early maladaptive schemas
  513. 513III. Schema Modes
  514. 514IV. Therapeutic Techniques
  515. 515V. Treating the Overcompensator's Defensive Modes
  516. 516VI. Outcome Assessment in Schema Therapy
  517. 517I. Introduction: Accepting in Order to Act Better
  518. 518II. The Hexaflex: the six core processes
  519. 519III. The ACT matrix and its application to victims of narcissistic abusers
  520. 520IV. ACT and psychological flexibility as an antidote to coercive control
  521. 521V. Brief-format and group ACT protocols
  522. 522Additional note — ACT in a cross-cultural context
  523. 523I. Introduction and historical context
  524. 524II. The AIP model (Adaptive Information Processing)
  525. 525III. The standard eight-phase protocol
  526. 526IV. Adaptation to complex trauma and to victims of narcissistic abusers
  527. 527V. EMDR and the body's implicit memories
  528. 528VI. Efficacy data
  529. 529I. Introduction: the multidimensionality of the inner self
  530. 530II. Mapping the parts
  531. 531III. The therapeutic process: “unblending” and access to the Self
  532. 532IV. Relevance of IFS in the aftermath of a relationship with a narcissistic abuser
  533. 533V. The eight Cs of the Self and their therapeutic value
  534. 534VI. Supervision and the limits of IFS work
  535. 535I. Introduction: when the body remembers
  536. 536II. Peter Levine's Somatic Experiencing
  537. 537III. Pat Ogden's sensorimotor approach
  538. 538IV. Body work with victims of narcissistic abusers
  539. 539V. Yoga and movement as therapeutic adjuncts
  540. 540I. Introduction: toward an integrative therapeutics
  541. 541II. EMDR–schema therapy integration
  542. 542III. The IFS-EMDR articulation
  543. 543IV. The STAIR Narrative Therapy protocol
  544. 544V. Phased therapy: a structuring principle
  545. 545VI. Mentalization as a cross-cutting skill
  546. 546I. Introduction: returning to oneself
  547. 547II. Mindfulness
  548. 548III. Kristin Neff's self-compassion
  549. 549I. Introduction: who am I without him/her?
  550. 550II. Narrative therapy (White & Epston, 1990)
  551. 551III. Values Clarification in ACT
  552. 552IV. Post-Traumatic Growth (PTG)
  553. 553V. Identity Reconstruction in Post-Separation Co-Parenting Relationships
  554. 554VI. Integrating Spirituality into Identity Reconstruction
  555. 555VII. The Stages of Narrative Reconstruction: A Clinical Guide
  556. 556Introduction to Part 2
  557. 557I. Introduction: A Demanding Patient, Real Pitfalls
  558. 558II. Clinical Presentation and Reasons for Consultation
  559. 559III. Prognostic indicators
  560. 560IV. Specific features of the therapeutic frame
  561. 561V. Ethics and limits of work with the narcissistic subject
  562. 562I. Introduction: the therapeutic relationship as a field of analysis
  563. 563II. Narcissistic transference according to Heinz Kohut
  564. 564III. Countertransference: recognizing one's own reactions
  565. 565IV. Supervision as an ethical requirement
  566. 566V. The Balint group: learning from collective countertransference
  567. 567I. Introduction: Dialectics as a Pathway to Change
  568. 568II. The Biosocial Model and Its Application to NPD
  569. 569III. The Four DBT Skills Modules
  570. 570I. Introduction: The Dimension of Meaning in Recovery
  571. 571II. Carl Rogers and the Fundamental Therapeutic Triad
  572. 572III. Viktor Frankl and Logotherapy
  573. 573IV. Irvin Yalom and the Four Existential Givens
  574. 574V. The person-centered approach and the validation of the narcissistic subject's subjective experience
  575. 575VI. Logotherapy and the question of responsibility
  576. 576Introduction to Part 3
  577. 577I. Introduction: preventing at the source
  578. 578II. Marc Brackett's RULER program
  579. 579III. Social-emotional education programs in France
  580. 580IV. Early parenting support
  581. 581V. Education in healthy relationships within the school curriculum
  582. 582I. Introduction: educating the gaze
  583. 583II. Early warning signals (red flags)
  584. 584III. Signals of a healthy relationship (green flags)
  585. 585IV. Intuition and Gendlin's focusing
  586. 586V. Recognising warning signals specific to different relational contexts
  587. 587I. Introduction: rebounding without erasing
  588. 588II. Boris Cyrulnik and Resilience as a Narrative Process
  589. 589III. George Bonanno and the Four Post-Traumatic Trajectories
  590. 590IV. Resilience Factors
  591. 591V. Tedeschi, Calhoun and Post-Traumatic Growth
  592. 592VI. The Role of Creativity in Resilience
  593. 593I. Introduction: Emerging from Imposed Isolation
  594. 594II. The Protective Role of Social Support — the Brewin Meta-Analysis (2000)
  595. 595III. The Forms of Social Support
  596. 596IV. Peer Support Groups
  597. 597V. Romantic relationships after coercive control
  598. 598V. Online support groups: opportunities and limits
  599. 599Supplementary note — Social media as a double-edged sword in recovery
  600. 600I. Introduction: the path is manifold, healing is real
  601. 601II. Which type of therapy for which profile?
  602. 602III. The therapeutic relationship: the irreplaceable
  603. 603IV. The Stages of the Path — A Synthesis
  604. 604V. A Message of Hope
  605. 605VI. Emerging Data: Toward Precision Medicine in Psychotraumatology
  606. 606VII. Which Therapist to Choose? Practical Guidance
  607. 607VII. The Question of Medication
  608. 608What Science Says About Healing
  609. 609What Victims Themselves Report
  610. 610The responsibility of the clinical field
  611. 611A.1 Resources for victims (France)
  612. 612A.2 Resources for professionals
  613. 613A.3 Annotated bibliography for further reading
  614. 614Table of contents
  615. 615Note on use
  616. 616ACT (ACCEPTANCE AND COMMITMENT THERAPY)
  617. 617CALLOUS/COLD AFFECT (CALLOUS-UNEMOTIONAL TRAITS)
  618. 618NARCISSISTIC AGGRESSION
  619. 619RELATIONAL AGGRESSION (indirect aggression)
  620. 620PARENTAL ALIENATION
  621. 621SELF-LOVE vs AMOUR-PROPRE (ROUSSEAU)
  622. 622ANACLITIC (— DEPRESSION)
  623. 623POST-COERCIVE-CONTROL ANHEDONIA
  624. 624ATTACHMENT (THEORY OF) — BOWLBY
  625. 625ANXIOUS ATTACHMENT
  626. 626DISORGANIZED ATTACHMENT
  627. 627AVOIDANT ATTACHMENT
  628. 628SELF-BLAME (IN COERCIVE CONTROL)
  629. 629SELF-COMPASSION (KRISTIN NEFF)
  630. 630BATESON (DOUBLE BIND)
  631. 631BEATTIE (MELODY) — CODEPENDENCY
  632. 632BECK (AARON T.) — CBT
  633. 633BIG FIVE (FIVE-FACTOR MODEL)
  634. 634BORDERLINE (— PERSONALITY DISORDER) vs NPD
  635. 635BOWLBY (JOHN) — BIOGRAPHY AND WORK
  636. 636BROWN (BRENÉ) — SHAME AND VULNERABILITY
  637. 637CALLOUS-UNEMOTIONAL TRAITS
  638. 638SMEAR CAMPAIGN
  639. 639CARPET BOMBING
  640. 640CHARM (OF THE ABUSER)
  641. 641SPLITTING (DEFENCE MECHANISM)
  642. 642CODEPENDENCY
  643. 643COMPASSION FATIGUE
  644. 644REPETITION COMPULSION (FREUD)
  645. 645COUNTERTRANSFERENCE (WITH AN NPD PATIENT)
  646. 646COERCIVE CONTROL (Coercive Control — Evan Stark)
  647. 647GUILT INDUCTION (INDUCTION OF GUILT)
  648. 648CYCLE OF VIOLENCE (LENORE WALKER, 1979)
  649. 649DARK TETRAD
  650. 650DARK TRIAD
  651. 651DARVO (Deny, Attack, Reverse Victim and Offender — Freyd)
  652. 652THE DARK DECADE (concept original to this encyclopedia)
  653. 653NARCISSISTIC DEFENSES (splitting, denial, idealization/devaluation, projection)
  654. 654DENIAL (defense mechanism)
  655. 655REALITY DENIAL (gaslight)
  656. 656DEPERSONALIZATION
  657. 657DEREALIZATION
  658. 658DEHUMANIZATION (infrahumanization — Haslam)
  659. 659DEVALUATION (in the idealization/devaluation cycle)
  660. 660DISSOCIATION (dissociative continuum)
  661. 661COGNITIVE DISSONANCE (Festinger, 1957 — application to coercive control)
  662. 662DOUBLE BIND (Bateson et al., 1956)
  663. 663DSM-5 (Narcissistic Personality Disorder — criteria A–D)
  664. 664EARNED SECURITY (acquired attachment security)
  665. 665SELF-ERASURE (in coercive control)
  666. 666ELLIS (Havelock) — first clinical use of narcissism
  667. 667EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing)
  668. 668EMPATHY (deficit in — in the NPD subject)
  669. 669COGNITIVE EMPATHY vs AFFECTIVE EMPATHY
  670. 670COERCIVE CONTROL (clinical and legal definition)
  671. 671BLACK ENNEAD (theoretical concept)
  672. 672EPIGENETICS AND DARK TRAITS
  673. 673DANGEROUSNESS ASSESSMENT (Danger Assessment — Campbell)
  674. 674FALSE SELF (Winnicott)
  675. 675FEMICIDES (epidemiological data)
  676. 676FERENCZI (Sandor) — confusion of tongues
  677. 677FESTINGER
  678. 678FLYING MONKEYS (abuse by proxy)
  679. 679FOLIE À DEUX (induced madness)
  680. 680FRANKL (Viktor) — logotherapy
  681. 681FREEZE (freeze response)
  682. 682FREUD (Sigmund) — narcissism (1914)
  683. 683FREYD (Jennifer) — DARVO and institutional betrayal
  684. 684FRICK & WHITE — callous-unemotional traits
  685. 685GASLIGHTING (Robin Stern, 2007)
  686. 686GOLDEN CHILD (the favored child in the narcissistic family)
  687. 687GRANDIOSITY
  688. 688GREEN (André) — the dead mother
  689. 689GREY ROCK METHOD
  690. 690HARE (Robert D.) — psychopathy and the PCL-R
  691. 691HASLAM (Nick) — dehumanization and infrahumanization
  692. 692HERMAN (Judith) — Trauma and Recovery, C-PTSD
  693. 693DARK HEXAD
  694. 694HIRIGOYEN (Marie-France) — Le Harcèlement moral (1998)
  695. 695TOXIC SHAME
  696. 696HOOVERING (post-separation suction)
  697. 697HPA (— axis) and trauma
  698. 698HYPERVIGILANCE
  699. 699IDEALIZATION (defence mechanism + relational phase)
  700. 700IDENTIFICATION WITH THE AGGRESSOR (Anna Freud, Ferenczi)
  701. 701IFS (Internal Family Systems — Richard Schwartz)
  702. 702SOMATIC IMPACT OF TRAUMA
  703. 703ISOLATION (defense mechanism)
  704. 704ISOLATION (control strategy)
  705. 705IWM (Internal Working Models)
  706. 706JANET (Pierre) — dissociation (1889)
  707. 707JOHNSON (Michael) — situational violence vs. coercive control
  708. 708KABAT-ZINN (Jon) — MBSR
  709. 709KERNBERG (Otto) — malignant narcissism, borderline organization
  710. 710KLEIN (Melanie) — positions, primary envy
  711. 711KOHUT (Heinz) — self psychology, narcissistic injury
  712. 712LACAN (Jacques) — mirror stage
  713. 713LASCH (Christopher) — Culture of Narcissism (1979)
  714. 714LEVINE (Peter) — Somatic Experiencing
  715. 715LEYMANN (Heinz) — mobbing
  716. 716LINEHAN (Marsha) — DBT
  717. 717LOVE BOMBING (etymology carpet bombing, Moonies 1970s, Margaret Singer)
  718. 718LOYALTIES (conflicts of — in the narcissistic family)
  719. 719MACHIAVELLIANISM (Christie & Geis, 1970)
  720. 720ELDER ABUSE
  721. 721SPITEFULNESS (Marcus et al., 2014)
  722. 722DEFENSE MECHANISMS — synthetic table
  723. 723MIRROR (function of — in the narcissistic relationship)
  724. 724MIRRORING (the manipulator's active mirroring in the seduction phase)
  725. 725MODES (schema therapy — Young)
  726. 726NARCISSISM (differential definition: normal trait / subclinical / NPD)
  727. 727NARCISSISM AND GENDER (gendered expression of —)
  728. 728NARCISSISM AND INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE (synthesis)
  729. 729MALIGNANT NARCISSISM (Kernberg)
  730. 730PRIMARY / SECONDARY NARCISSISM (Freud, 1914)
  731. 731HEALTHY NARCISSISM (vs pathological)
  732. 732NATHANSON (Donald) — compass of shame
  733. 733NO CONTACT
  734. 734NORWOOD (Robin) — Women Who Love Too Much
  735. 735NPD (Narcissistic Personality Disorder) — DSM-5 and ICD-11
  736. 736PART OBJECT / WHOLE OBJECT (Klein)
  737. 737DARK OCTAD
  738. 738OMNIPOTENCE (narcissistic defense)
  739. 739PERSONALITY ORGANIZATION (Kernberg: neurotic / borderline / psychotic)
  740. 740NARCISSISTIC PARENTING
  741. 741PAULHUS & WILLIAMS (2002) — Dark Triad
  742. 742PCL-R (Psychopathy Checklist-Revised — Hare)
  743. 743DICHOTOMOUS THINKING (all-or-nothing)
  744. 744DARK PENTAD
  745. 745FEAR OF ABANDONMENT
  746. 746PROJECTION (defense mechanism)
  747. 747IDENTIFICATORY PROJECTION (projective identification — Klein)
  748. 748PSYCHOPATHY (subclinical vs clinical)
  749. 749CORPORATE PSYCHOPATHY (Boddy)
  750. 750PSYCHOTICISM (Eysenck)
  751. 751RACAMIER (Paul-Claude) — narcissistic perversion (1986)
  752. 752NARCISSISTIC RAGE (Kohut)
  753. 753RED FLAGS (relational warning signals)
  754. 754LIMITED REPARENTING (schema therapy)
  755. 755RESILIENCE (Cyrulnik, Bonanno, Tedeschi)
  756. 756REALITY REVERSAL
  757. 757ROGERS (Carl) — empathy, congruence, positive regard
  758. 758ROUSSEAU — self-love vs amour-propre
  759. 759EVERYDAY SADISM (everyday sadism — Buckels et al., 2013)
  760. 760EARLY MALADAPTIVE SCHEMAS (Young — the 18 EMS)
  761. 761SELF (IFS — Schwartz)
  762. 762SELF (psychology of the — Kohut) vs EGO (Freud)
  763. 763SILENT TREATMENT (punishment through silence)
  764. 764SINGER (Margaret) — cults and love bombing
  765. 765MIRROR STAGE (Lacan)
  766. 766STARK (Evan) — Coercive Control
  767. 767STOCKHOLM SYNDROME
  768. 768AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND TRAUMA
  769. 769DARK TETRAD (Buckels et al., 2013)
  770. 770TRANSFERENCE (in therapy, specificities with NPD)
  771. 771TRAUMA BONDING (Dutton & Painter, 1993)
  772. 772DARK TRIAD (Paulhus & Williams, 2002)
  773. 773TRIANGULATION (manipulation mechanism)
  774. 774PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) — DSM-5
  775. 775C-PTSD (Complex Trauma) — Herman (1992), ICD-11
  776. 776TWENGE (Jean) — the narcissistic generation
  777. 777VAN DER HART (Onno) — structural dissociation
  778. 778VAN DER KOLK (Bessel) — The Body Keeps the Score
  779. 779INTERPERSONAL VICTIMHOOD (tendency for — TIV)
  780. 780INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE (definition and types)
  781. 781PSYCHOLOGICAL VIOLENCE (definition, data)
  782. 782VIRAGE (survey —, INED 2016)
  783. 783CONTEMPORARY POPULARIZATION OF NARCISSISM (Durvasula, Malkin, and the YouTube turn)
  784. 784WALKER (Lenore) — cycle of violence (1979)
  785. 785WATZLAWICK (Paul) — paradoxical communication
  786. 786WEBSTER (Daniel J.) — spitefulness
  787. 787WINNICOTT (Donald W.) — false self, good enough mother
  788. 788YALOM (Irvin) — existential psychotherapy
  789. 789YOUNG (Jeffrey E.) — see EARLY MALADAPTIVE SCHEMAS

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